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The rapid evolution of agentic AI marks a new phase in artificial intelligence, where Large Language Models (LLMs) no longer merely respond but act, reason, and adapt. This survey traces the paradigm shift in building agentic AI: from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jitao Sang , Jinlin Xiao , Jiarun Han , Jilin Chen , Xiaoyi Chen , Shuyu Wei , Yongjie Sun , Yuhang Wang

Understanding the behavior of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents -particularly as task and agent sophistication increase- requires more than simple comparison of reward curves, yet standard methods for behavioral analysis remain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Riley Simmons-Edler , Ryan P. Badman , Felix Baastad Berg , Raymond Chua , John J. Vastola , Joshua Lunger , William Qian , Kanaka Rajan

Despite the fact that deep reinforcement learning (RL) has surpassed human-level performances in various tasks, it still has several fundamental challenges. First, most RL methods require intensive data from the exploration of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zhe Xu , Bo Wu , Aditya Ojha , Daniel Neider , Ufuk Topcu

A key question in reinforcement learning is how an intelligent agent can generalize knowledge across different inputs. By generalizing across different inputs, information learned for one input can be immediately reused for improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Lucas Lehnert , Michael L. Littman

Mapping states to actions in deep reinforcement learning is mainly based on visual information. The commonly used approach for dealing with visual information is to extract pixels from images and use them as state representation for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Abraham Woubie , Anssi Kanervisto , Janne Karttunen , Ville Hautamaki

Methods of deep machine learning enable to to reuse low-level representations efficiently for generating more abstract high-level representations. Originally, deep learning has been applied passively (e.g., for classification purposes).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Mark Wernsdorfer , Ute Schmid

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) recently thrives in large language model (LLM) reasoning tasks. However, the reward sparsity and the long reasoning horizon make effective exploration challenging. In practice, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yifan Xu , Junren Chen , Yifan Chen

Many practical environments contain catastrophic states that an optimal agent would visit infrequently or never. Even on toy problems, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents tend to periodically revisit these states upon forgetting their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Zachary C. Lipton , Kamyar Azizzadenesheli , Abhishek Kumar , Lihong Li , Jianfeng Gao , Li Deng

The challenge of developing powerful and general Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents has received increasing attention in recent years. Much of this effort has focused on the single-agent setting, in which an agent maximizes a predefined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Jiachen Yang , Ang Li , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Peter Sunehag , Edward Hughes , Hongyuan Zha

The transition from defined benefit to defined contribution pension plans shifts the responsibility for saving toward retirement from governments and institutions to the individuals. Determining optimal saving and investment strategy for…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-06-14 Fatih Ozhamaratli , Paolo Barucca

Live future prediction refers to the task of making predictions about real-world events before they unfold. This task is increasingly studied using large language model-based agent systems, and it is important for building agents that can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhixin Han , Yanzhi Zhang , Chuyang Wei , Maohang Gao , Xiawei Yue , Kefei Chen , Yu Zhuang , Haoxiang Guan , Jiyan He , Jian Li , Yitong Duan , Yu Shi , Mengting Hu , Shuxin Zheng

Reinforcement learning techniques are being explored as solutions to the threat of cyber attacks on enterprise networks. Recent research in the field of AI in cyber security has investigated the ability of homogeneous multi-agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Alex Popa , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

We present an effective technique for training deep learning agents capable of negotiating on a set of clauses in a contract agreement using a simple communication protocol. We use Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning to train both agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-20 Vishal Sunder , Lovekesh Vig , Arnab Chatterjee , Gautam Shroff

Deep Reinforcement Learning has enabled the learning of policies for complex tasks in partially observable environments, without explicitly learning the underlying model of the tasks. While such model-free methods achieve considerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Tanmay Shankar , Santosha K. Dwivedy , Prithwijit Guha

Typically, a modern reinforcement learning (RL) agent solves a task by updating its neural network parameters to adapt its policy to the task. Recently, it has been observed that some RL agents can solve a wide range of new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jiuqi Wang , Rohan Chandra , Shangtong Zhang

Deep neural networks coupled with fast simulation and improved computation have led to recent successes in the field of reinforcement learning (RL). However, most current RL-based approaches fail to generalize since: (a) the gap between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Lerrel Pinto , James Davidson , Rahul Sukthankar , Abhinav Gupta

Autonomous robots need to be able to adapt to unforeseen situations and to acquire new skills through trial and error. Reinforcement learning in principle offers a suitable methodological framework for this kind of autonomous learning.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-08-02 Nikolas J. Hemion

Many reinforcement learning (RL) tasks provide the agent with high-dimensional observations that can be simplified into low-dimensional continuous states. To formalize this process, we introduce the concept of a DeepMDP, a parameterized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Carles Gelada , Saurabh Kumar , Jacob Buckman , Ofir Nachum , Marc G. Bellemare

Inspired by the insights in cognitive science with respect to human memory and reasoning mechanism, a novel evolvable LLM-based (Large Language Model) agent framework is proposed as REMEMBERER. By equipping the LLM with a long-term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Danyang Zhang , Lu Chen , Situo Zhang , Hongshen Xu , Zihan Zhao , Kai Yu

We adapt the ideas underlying the success of Deep Q-Learning to the continuous action domain. We present an actor-critic, model-free algorithm based on the deterministic policy gradient that can operate over continuous action spaces. Using…