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Training automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems requires large amounts of data in the target language in order to achieve good performance. Whereas large training corpora are readily available for languages like English, there exists a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-11-15 Markus Müller , Sebastian Stüker , Alex Waibel

Code-switching (CS) refers to the switching of languages within a speech signal and results in language confusion for automatic speech recognition (ASR). To address language confusion, we propose a language alignment loss (LAL) that aligns…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Hexin Liu , Xiangyu Zhang , Haoyang Zhang , Leibny Paola Garcia , Andy W. H. Khong , Eng Siong Chng , Shinji Watanabe

Building Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems from scratch is significantly challenging, mostly due to the time-consuming and financially-expensive process of annotating a large amount of audio data with transcripts. Although several…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-22 Mengli Cheng , Chengyu Wang , Xu Hu , Jun Huang , Xiaobo Wang

Unsupervised models of representations based on Contrastive Predictive Coding (CPC)[1] are primarily used in spoken language modelling in that they encode phonetic information. In this study, we ask what other types of information are…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-02 Maureen de Seyssel , Marvin Lavechin , Yossi Adi , Emmanuel Dupoux , Guillaume Wisniewski

We present CS-FLEURS, a new dataset for developing and evaluating code-switched speech recognition and translation systems beyond high-resourced languages. CS-FLEURS consists of 4 test sets which cover in total 113 unique code-switched…

Zero-shot neural machine translation is an attractive goal because of the high cost of obtaining data and building translation systems for new translation directions. However, previous papers have reported mixed success in zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Annette Rios , Mathias Müller , Rico Sennrich

In the FAME! project, we aim to develop an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system for Frisian-Dutch code-switching (CS) speech extracted from the archives of a local broadcaster with the ultimate goal of building a spoken document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-24 Emre Yılmaz , Mitchell McLaren , Henk van den Heuvel , David A. van Leeuwen

Multilingual machine translation (MMT) benefits from cross-lingual transfer but is a challenging multitask optimization problem. This is partly because there is no clear framework to systematically learn language-specific parameters.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Haoran Xu , Jean Maillard , Vedanuj Goswami

This paper examines the Code-Switching (CS) phenomenon where two languages intertwine within a single utterance. There exists a noticeable need for research on the CS between English and Korean. We highlight that the current Equivalence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Jangyeong Jeon , Sangyeon Cho , Minuk Ma , Junyoung Kim

The analysis of data in which multiple languages are represented has gained popularity among computational linguists in recent years. So far, much of this research focuses mainly on the improvement of computational methods and largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-10 A. Seza Doğruöz , Sunayana Sitaram , Barbara E. Bullock , Almeida Jacqueline Toribio

In a pipeline speech translation system, automatic speech recognition (ASR) system will transmit errors in recognition to the downstream machine translation (MT) system. A standard machine translation system is usually trained on parallel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Qiao Cheng , Meiyuan Fang , Yaqian Han , Jin Huang , Yitao Duan

An important and difficult task in code-switched speech recognition is to recognize the language, as lots of words in two languages can sound similar, especially in some accents. We focus on improving performance of end-to-end Automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Yash Sharma , Basil Abraham , Preethi Jyothi

Mandarin Chinese is characterized by being a tonal language; the pitch (or $F_0$) of its utterances carries considerable linguistic information. However, speech samples from different individuals are subject to changes in amplitude and…

Amidst the rapid advances of large language models (LLMs), most LLMs still struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Codeswitching (CSW) datasets, and evaluation biases, which hinder their deployment in multilingual societies. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rajvee Sheth , Samridhi Raj Sinha , Mahavir Patil , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

In multilingual colloquial settings, it is a habitual occurrence to compose expressions of text or speech containing tokens or phrases of different languages, a phenomenon popularly known as code-switching or code-mixing (CMX). We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Lekan Raheem , Maab Elrashid

Cued Speech (CS) is a visual communication system for the deaf or hearing impaired people. It combines lip movements with hand cues to obtain a complete phonetic repertoire. Current deep learning based methods on automatic CS recognition…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Jianrong Wang , Ziyue Tang , Xuewei Li , Mei Yu , Qiang Fang , Li Liu

Being able to parse code-switched (CS) utterances, such as Spanish+English or Hindi+English, is essential to democratize task-oriented semantic parsing systems for certain locales. In this work, we focus on Spanglish (Spanish+English) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Arash Einolghozati , Abhinav Arora , Lorena Sainz-Maza Lecanda , Anuj Kumar , Sonal Gupta

We address the problem of Part of Speech tagging (POS) in the context of linguistic code switching (CS). CS is the phenomenon where a speaker switches between two languages or variants of the same language within or across utterances, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Fahad AlGhamdi , Giovanni Molina , Mona Diab , Thamar Solorio , Abdelati Hawwari , Victor Soto , Julia Hirschberg

Code-switching is a speech phenomenon occurring when a speaker switches language during a conversation. Despite the spontaneous nature of code-switching in conversational spoken language, most existing works collect code-switching data from…

Voice technology has become ubiquitous recently. However, the accuracy, and hence experience, in different languages varies significantly, which makes the technology not equally inclusive. The availability of data for different languages is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Jan Silovsky , Liuhui Deng , Arturo Argueta , Tresi Arvizo , Roger Hsiao , Sasha Kuznietsov , Yiu-Chang Lin , Xiaoqiang Xiao , Yuanyuan Zhang