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This paper proposes an improved training algorithm for binary neural networks in which both weights and activations are binary numbers. A key but fairly overlooked feature of the current state-of-the-art method of XNOR-Net is the use of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Adrian Bulat , Georgios Tzimiropoulos

Conditional belief networks introduce stochastic binary variables in neural networks. Contrary to a classical neural network, a belief network can predict more than the expected value of the output $Y$ given the input $X$. It can predict a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Yann N. Dauphin , David Grangier

We investigate progressive freezing as an alternative to straight-through estimators (STE) for training binary networks from scratch. Under controlled training conditions, we find that while global progressive freezing works for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Evan Gibson Smith , Bashima Islam

The spiking neural network (SNN), as a promising brain-inspired computational model with binary spike information transmission mechanism, rich spatially-temporal dynamics, and event-driven characteristics, has received extensive attention.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Yufei Guo , Xuhui Huang , Zhe Ma

Binary Neural Networks~(BNNs) have been proven to be highly effective for deploying deep neural networks on mobile and embedded platforms. Most existing works focus on minimizing quantization errors, improving representation ability, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jingyang Xiang , Zuohui Chen , Siqi Li , Qing Wu , Yong Liu

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have recently demonstrated strong performance and faster inference than Transformers at comparable parameter budgets. However, the recursive gradient computation with the backpropagation through time (or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Paul Caillon , Erwan Fagnou , Alexandre Allauzen

Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) show great promise for real-world embedded devices. As one of the critical steps to achieve a powerful BNN, the scale factor calculation plays an essential role in reducing the performance gap to their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Sheng Xu , Yanjing Li , Tiancheng Wang , Teli Ma , Baochang Zhang , Peng Gao , Yu Qiao , Jinhu Lv , Guodong Guo

We study discrete time dynamical systems governed by the state equation $h_{t+1}=\phi(Ah_t+Bu_t)$. Here $A,B$ are weight matrices, $\phi$ is an activation function, and $u_t$ is the input data. This relation is the backbone of recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Samet Oymak

Echo State Networks (ESNs) are a special type of the temporally deep network model, the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), where the recurrent matrix is carefully designed and both the recurrent and input matrices are fixed. An ESN uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-14 Hamid Palangi , Li Deng , Rabab K Ward

The aim of this paper is to introduce two widely applicable regularization methods based on the direct modification of weight matrices. The first method, Weight Reinitialization, utilizes a simplified Bayesian assumption with partially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Patrik Reizinger , Bálint Gyires-Tóth

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown excellent performance in processing sequence data. However, they are both complex and memory intensive due to their recursive nature. These limitations make RNNs difficult to embed on mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Arash Ardakani , Zhengyun Ji , Sean C. Smithson , Brett H. Meyer , Warren J. Gross

This paper studies the estimation of network weights for a class of systems with binary-valued observations. In these systems only quantized observations are available for the network estimation. Furthermore, system states are coupled with…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Yu Xing , Xingkang He , Haitao Fang , Karl Henrik Johansson

We study identification of stochastic Wiener dynamic systems using so-called indirect inference. The main idea is to first fit an auxiliary model to the observed data and then in a second step, often by simulation, fit a more structured…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-07-21 Bo Wahlberg , James Welsh , Lennart Ljung

Linear layers in neural networks (NNs) trained by gradient descent can be expressed as a key-value memory system which stores all training datapoints and the initial weights, and produces outputs using unnormalised dot attention over the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Kazuki Irie , Róbert Csordás , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Recent breakthroughs in computer vision make use of large deep neural networks, utilizing the substantial speedup offered by GPUs. For applications running on limited hardware, however, high precision real-time processing can still be a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Oran Shayer , Dan Levi , Ethan Fetaya

In artificial neural networks trained with gradient descent, the weights used for processing stimuli are also used during backward passes to calculate gradients. For the real brain to approximate gradients, gradient information would have…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-02-04 Jordan Guerguiev , Konrad P. Kording , Blake A. Richards

Mathematical solvers use parametrized Optimization Problems (OPs) as inputs to yield optimal decisions. In many real-world settings, some of these parameters are unknown or uncertain. Recent research focuses on predicting the value of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Alan A. Lahoud , Erik Schaffernicht , Johannes A. Stork

We develop a probabilistic machine learning method, which formulates a class of stochastic neural networks by a stochastic optimal control problem. An efficient stochastic gradient descent algorithm is introduced under the stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Richard Archibald , Feng Bao , Yanzhao Cao , He Zhang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), providing more realistic neuronal dynamics, have been shown to achieve performance comparable to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in several machine learning tasks. Information is processed as spikes within…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jiaqi Lin , Sen Lu , Malyaban Bal , Abhronil Sengupta

Quantized neural network training optimizes a discrete, non-differentiable objective. The straight-through estimator (STE) enables backpropagation through surrogate gradients and is widely used. While previous studies have primarily focused…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-14 Yuma Ichikawa , Shuhei Kashiwamura , Ayaka Sakata