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Symbolic Regression (SR) is a regression method that aims to discover mathematical expressions that describe the relationship between variables, and it is often implemented through Genetic Programming, a metaphor for the process of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Guilherme Seidyo Imai Aldeia

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen

Mathematical formulas are the crystallization of human wisdom in exploring the laws of nature for thousands of years. Describing the complex laws of nature with a concise mathematical formula is a constant pursuit of scientists and a great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yanjie Li , Jingyi Liu , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Su Wei , Yusong Deng

Symbolic regression (SR) is a data analysis problem where we search for the mathematical expression that best fits a numerical dataset. It is a global optimization problem. The most popular approach to SR is by genetic programming (SRGP).…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Sohrab Towfighi

Identifying the mathematical relationships that best describe a dataset remains a very challenging problem in machine learning, and is known as Symbolic Regression (SR). In contrast to neural networks which are often treated as black boxes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Tony Tohme , Dehong Liu , Kamal Youcef-Toumi

Interpretability is crucial for machine learning in many scenarios such as quantitative finance, banking, healthcare, etc. Symbolic regression (SR) is a classic interpretable machine learning method by bridging X and Y using mathematical…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-17 Ying Jin , Weilin Fu , Jian Kang , Jiadong Guo , Jian Guo

Symbolic Regression (SR) algorithms attempt to learn analytic expressions which fit data accurately and in a highly interpretable manner. Conventional SR suffers from two fundamental issues which we address here. First, these methods search…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-05 Deaglan J. Bartlett , Harry Desmond , Pedro G. Ferreira

Symbolic regression (SR) is the task of learning a model of data in the form of a mathematical expression. By their nature, SR models have the potential to be accurate and human-interpretable at the same time. Unfortunately, finding such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Marco Virgolin , Solon P. Pissis

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering the analytical mathematical expression from data, finding various applications in natural sciences due to its good interpretability of results. However, existing methods face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xieting Chu , Hongjue Zhao , Enze Xu , Hairong Qi , Minghan Chen , Huajie Shao

[RETRACTED]Data increasingly abounds, but distilling their underlying relationships down to something interpretable remains challenging. One approach is genetic programming, which `symbolically regresses' a data set down into an equation.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Amanda Bertschinger , James Bagrow , Joshua Bongard

In this paper we consider the problem of learning a regression function without assuming its functional form. This problem is referred to as symbolic regression. An expression tree is typically used to represent a solution function, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-25 Jongeun Kim , Sven Leyffer , Prasanna Balaprakash

Recently, several algorithms for symbolic regression (SR) emerged which employ a form of multiple linear regression (LR) to produce generalized linear models. The use of LR allows the algorithms to create models with relatively small error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Jan Žegklitz , Petr Pošík

Symbolic regression is a powerful system identification technique in industrial scenarios where no prior knowledge on model structure is available. Such scenarios often require specific model properties such as interpretability, robustness,…

In symbolic regression, the goal is to find an analytical expression that accurately fits experimental data with the minimal use of mathematical symbols such as operators, variables, and constants. However, the combinatorial space of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Tommaso Bendinelli , Luca Biggio , Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a type of regression analysis to automatically find the mathematical expression that best fits the data. Currently, SR still basically relies on various searching strategies so that a sample-specific model is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Jiachen Li , Ye Yuan , Hong-Bin Shen

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover concise closed-form mathematical equations from data, a task fundamental to scientific discovery. However, the problem is highly challenging because closed-form equations lie in a complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Symbolic regression is a type of discrete optimization problem that involves searching expressions that fit given data points. In many cases, other mathematical constraints about the unknown expression not only provide more information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Rishabh Singh , Patrick Riley

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover the underlying mathematical expressions that explain observed data. This holds promise for both gaining scientific insight and for producing inherently interpretable and generalizable models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 David Otte , Jörg K. H. Franke , Arbër Zela , Fábio Ferreira , Frank Hutter

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a powerful technique for automatically discovering mathematical expressions from input data. Mainstream SR algorithms search for the optimal symbolic tree in a vast function space, but the increasing complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinxin Li , Juan Zhang , Da Li , Xingyu Liu , Jin Xu , Junping Yin

Symbolic regression (SR) is the task of discovering a symbolic expression that fits a given data set from the space of mathematical expressions. Despite the abundance of research surrounding the SR problem, there's a scarcity of works that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Jinglu Song , Qiang Lu , Bozhou Tian , Jingwen Zhang , Jake Luo , Zhiguang Wang
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