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We study the Many Visits TSP problem, where given a number $k(v)$ for each of $n$ cities and pairwise (possibly asymmetric) integer distances, one has to find an optimal tour that visits each city $v$ exactly $k(v)$ times. The currently…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Łukasz Kowalik , Shaohua Li , Wojciech Nadara , Marcin Smulewicz , Magnus Wahlström

We provide a new upper bound for traveling salesman problem (TSP) in cubic graphs, i.e. graphs with maximum vertex degree three, and prove that the problem for an $n$-vertex graph can be solved in $O(1.2553^n)$ time and in linear space. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-12-03 Maciej Liskiewicz , Martin R. Schuster

Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are a promising technique for bridging differential programming and combinatorial domains. GNNs employ trainable modules which can be assembled in different configurations that reflect the relational structure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Marcelo O. R. Prates , Pedro H. C. Avelar , Henrique Lemos , Luis Lamb , Moshe Vardi

In the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) we are given a list of locations and the distances between each pair of them. The goal is to find the shortest possible tour that visits each location exactly once and returns to the starting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Evripidis Bampis , Bruno Escoffier , Michalis Xefteris

In this paper, we present formulations and an exact method to solve the Time Dependent Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Window (TD-TSPTW) under a generic travel cost function where waiting is allowed. A particular case in which the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Duc Minh Vu , Mike Hewitt , Duc Duy Vu

In the Many-visits Path TSP, we are given a set of $n$ cities along with their pairwise distances (or cost) $c(uv)$, and moreover each city $v$ comes with an associated positive integer request $r(v)$. The goal is to find a minimum-cost…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Kristóf Bérczi , Matthias Mnich , Roland Vincze

The Quadratic Travelling Salesman Problem (QTSP) is to find a least cost Hamilton cycle in an edge-weighted graph, where costs are defined on all pairs of edges contained in the Hamilton cycle. This is a more general version than the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Brad Woods , Abraham Punnen , Tamon Stephen

Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic NP-hard problem that has garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. While neural-based methods have shown promise for solving TSPs, they still face challenges in scaling to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Tongkai Lu , Shuai Ma , Chongyang Tao

Determining the integrality gap of the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the metric traveling salesman problem (TSP) remains a long-standing open problem. We introduce a transfer principle: when the integer optimum of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-08 Toshiaki Yamanaka

We introduce the Polychromatic Traveling Salesman Problem (PCTSP), where the input is an edge weighted graph whose vertices are partitioned into $k$ equal-sized color classes, and the goal is to find a minimum-length Hamiltonian cycle that…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Thomas Schibler , Subhash Suri , Jie Xue

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the most challenging NP-hard problems. It has widely applications in various disciplines such as physics, biology, computer science and so forth. The best known approximation algorithm for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Wenhong Tian , Chaojie Huang , Xinyang Wang , Qin Xiong

This article describes counter example prepared in order to prove that linear formulation of TSP problem proposed in [arXiv:0803.4354] is incorrect (it applies also to QAP problem formulation in [arXiv:0802.4307]). Article refers not only…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-06-02 Radoslaw Hofman

In the new wave of artificial intelligence, deep learning is impacting various industries. As a closely related area, optimization algorithms greatly contribute to the development of deep learning. But the reverse applications are still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Zhengxuan Ling , Xinyu Tao , Yu Zhang , Xi Chen

In the traveling salesman problem, one must find the length of the shortest closed tour visiting given ``cities''. We study the stochastic version of the problem, taking the locations of cities and the distances separating them to be random…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 A. G. Percus

Given a graph whose arc traversal times vary over time, the Time-Dependent Travelling Salesman Problem consists in finding a Hamiltonian tour of least total duration covering the vertices of the graph. The main goal of this work is to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Tommaso Adamo , Gianpaolo Ghiani , Pierpaolo Greco , Emanuela Guerriero

The Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimization problem that captures the interplay between routing and packing decisions by combining the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and the Knapsack Problem (KP). The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jan Eube , Kelin Luo , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Heiko Röglin

This paper introduces a computational method for generating metric Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) instances having a large integrality gap. The method is based on the solution of an integer programming problem, called IH-OPT, that takes…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-08 Eleonora Vercesi , Stefano Gualandi , Monaldo Mastrolilli , Luca Maria Gambardella

This paper proposes an algorithmic method to heuristically solve the famous Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) when the salesman's path evolves in continuous state space and discrete time but with otherwise arbitrary (nonlinear) dynamics.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Alexander Weber , Alexander Knoll

Hougardy and Schroeder (WG 2014) proposed a combinatorial technique for pruning the search space in the traveling salesman problem, establishing that, for a given instance, certain edges cannot be present in any optimal tour. We describe an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-07-17 William Cook , Keld Helsgaun , Stefan Hougardy , Rasmus T. Schroeder

The maximum traveling salesman problem (Max TSP) consists of finding a Hamiltonian cycle with the maximum total weight of the edges in a given complete weighted graph. This problem is APX-hard in the general metric case but admits…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Vladimir Shenmaier