English
Related papers

Related papers: The Heavy-Tail Phenomenon in SGD

200 papers

Deep neural networks have revolutionized machine learning, yet their training dynamics remain theoretically unclear-we develop a continuous-time, matrix-valued stochastic differential equation (SDE) framework that rigorously connects the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Brian Richard Olsen , Sam Fatehmanesh , Frank Xiao , Adarsh Kumarappan , Anirudh Gajula

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a pillar of modern machine learning, serving as the go-to optimization algorithm for a diverse array of problems. While the empirical success of SGD is often attributed to its computational efficiency…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-16 Courtney Paquette , Elliot Paquette , Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

We provide a detailed study on the implicit bias of gradient descent when optimizing loss functions with strictly monotone tails, such as the logistic loss, over separable datasets. We look at two basic questions: (a) what are the…

Learning rate, batch size and momentum are three important hyperparameters in the SGD algorithm. It is known from the work of Jastrzebski et al. arXiv:1711.04623 that large batch size training of neural networks yields models which do not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Sandesh Kamath , Amit Deshpande , K V Subrahmanyam

We perform an experimental study of the dynamics of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) in learning deep neural networks for several real and synthetic classification tasks. We show that in the initial epochs, almost all of the performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Preetum Nakkiran , Gal Kaplun , Dimitris Kalimeris , Tristan Yang , Benjamin L. Edelman , Fred Zhang , Boaz Barak

We study the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithm in nonparametric statistics: kernel regression in particular. The directional bias property of SGD, which is known in the linear regression setting, is generalized to the kernel…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-30 Yiling Luo , Xiaoming Huo , Yajun Mei

Hogwild! implements asynchronous Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) where multiple threads in parallel access a common repository containing training data, perform SGD iterations and update shared state that represents a jointly learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Marten van Dijk , Nhuong V. Nguyen , Toan N. Nguyen , Lam M. Nguyen , Quoc Tran-Dinh , Phuong Ha Nguyen

We study a scalable alternative to robust gradient descent (RGD) techniques that can be used when the gradients can be heavy-tailed, though this will be unknown to the learner. The core technique is simple: instead of trying to robustly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-16 Matthew J. Holland

The noise in stochastic gradient descent (SGD), caused by minibatch sampling, is poorly understood despite its practical importance in deep learning. This work presents the first systematic study of the SGD noise and fluctuations close to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Liu Ziyin , Kangqiao Liu , Takashi Mori , Masahito Ueda

Multi-layer neural networks are among the most powerful models in machine learning, yet the fundamental reasons for this success defy mathematical understanding. Learning a neural network requires to optimize a non-convex high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-08 Song Mei , Andrea Montanari , Phan-Minh Nguyen

This paper explores the suspicious alignment phenomenon in stochastic gradient descent (SGD) under ill-conditioned optimization, where the Hessian spectrum splits into dominant and bulk subspaces. This phenomenon describes the behavior of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shenyang Deng , Boyao Liao , Zhuoli Ouyang , Tianyu Pang , Minhak Song , Yaoqing Yang

We develop a worst-case complexity theory for stochastically preconditioned stochastic gradient descent (SPSGD) and its accelerated variants under heavy-tailed noise, a setting that encompasses widely used adaptive methods such as Adam,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuchen Fang , James Demmel , Javad Lavaei

The classical convergence analysis of SGD is carried out under the assumption that the norm of the stochastic gradient is uniformly bounded. While this might hold for some loss functions, it is violated for cases where the objective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-12 Lam M. Nguyen , Phuong Ha Nguyen , Peter Richtárik , Katya Scheinberg , Martin Takáč , Marten van Dijk

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is commonly modeled as a Langevin process, assuming that minibatch noise acts as Brownian motion. However, this approximation relies on a continuous-time limit and a sqrt(eta) noise scaling that does not…

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a standard optimization method to minimize a training error with respect to network parameters in modern neural network learning. However, it typically suffers from proliferation of saddle points in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-23 Haiping Huang , Taro Toyoizumi

Recent results in the literature suggest that the penultimate (second-to-last) layer representations of neural networks that are trained for classification exhibit a clustering property called neural collapse (NC). We study the implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Tomer Galanti , Liane Galanti , Ido Ben-Shaul

This work investigates the performance of the final iterate produced by stochastic gradient descent (SGD) under temporally dependent data. We consider two complementary sources of dependence: $(i)$ martingale-type dependence in both the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Yinan Shen , Yichen Zhang , Wen-Xin Zhou

We consider a standard distributed optimization problem in which networked nodes collaboratively minimize the sum of their locally known convex costs. For this setting, we address for the first time the fundamental problem of design and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-02 Manojlo Vukovic , Dusan Jakovetic , Dragana Bajovic , Soummya Kar

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a widely deployed optimization procedure throughout data-driven and simulation-driven disciplines, which has drawn a substantial interest in understanding its global behavior across a broad class of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-02 Vivak Patel , Shushu Zhang

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a central tool in machine learning. We prove that SGD converges to zero loss, even with a fixed (non-vanishing) learning rate - in the special case of homogeneous linear classifiers with smooth monotone…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-19 Mor Shpigel Nacson , Nathan Srebro , Daniel Soudry