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Machine learning has shown successes for complex learning problems in which data/parameters can be multidimensional and too complex for a first-principles based analysis. Some applications that utilize machine learning require human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Nutta Homdee , John Lach

In this review we cover the basics of efficient nonparametric parameter estimation (also called functional estimation), with a focus on parameters that arise in causal inference problems. We review both efficiency bounds (i.e., what is the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-27 Edward H. Kennedy

For optimization models to be used in practice, it is crucial that users trust the results. A key factor in this aspect is the interpretability of the solution process. A previous framework for inherently interpretable optimization models…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Marc Goerigk , Michael Hartisch , Sebastian Merten , Kartikey Sharma

Although modern machine learning and deep learning methods allow for complex and in-depth data analytics, the predictive models generated by these methods are often highly complex, and lack transparency. Explainable AI (XAI) methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Catarina Moreira , Renuka Sindhgatta

As machine learning algorithms getting adopted in an ever-increasing number of applications, interpretation has emerged as a crucial desideratum. In this paper, we propose a mathematical definition for the human-interpretable model. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Weishen Pan , Changshui Zhang

Understanding the interpretation of machine learning (ML) models has been of paramount importance when making decisions with societal impacts such as transport control, financial activities, and medical diagnosis. While current model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Jun Yuan , Gromit Yeuk-Yin Chan , Brian Barr , Kyle Overton , Kim Rees , Luis Gustavo Nonato , Enrico Bertini , Claudio T. Silva

Monitoring and maintaining machine learning models are among the most critical challenges in translating recent advances in the field into real-world applications. However, current monitoring methods lack the capability of provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Thomas Decker , Alexander Koebler , Michael Lebacher , Ingo Thon , Volker Tresp , Florian Buettner

The use of kernels for nonlinear prediction is widespread in machine learning. They have been popularized in support vector machines and used in kernel ridge regression, amongst others. Kernel methods share three aspects. First, instead of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-25 Patrick J. F. Groenen , Michael Greenacre

Lending decisions are usually made with proprietary models that provide minimally acceptable explanations to users. In a future world without such secrecy, what decision support tools would one want to use for justified lending decisions?…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Chaofan Chen , Kangcheng Lin , Cynthia Rudin , Yaron Shaposhnik , Sijia Wang , Tong Wang

Many safety failures in machine learning arise when models are used to assign predictions to people (often in settings like lending, hiring, or content moderation) without accounting for how individuals can change their inputs. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Seung Hyun Cheon , Meredith Stewart , Bogdan Kulynych , Tsui-Wei Weng , Berk Ustun

Language models based on the Transformer architecture achieve excellent results in many language-related tasks, such as text classification or sentiment analysis. However, despite the architecture of these models being well-defined, little…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Miguel López-Otal , Jorge Gracia , Jordi Bernad , Carlos Bobed , Lucía Pitarch-Ballesteros , Emma Anglés-Herrero

Existing works on "black-box" model interpretation use local-linear approximations to explain the predictions made for each data instance in terms of the importance assigned to the different features for arriving at the prediction. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Kartik Ahuja , William Zame , Mihaela van der Schaar

While machine learning techniques have been successfully applied in several fields, the black-box nature of the models presents challenges for interpreting and explaining the results. We develop a new framework called Adaptive Explainable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-03 Jie Chen , Joel Vaughan , Vijayan N. Nair , Agus Sudjianto

Being able to interpret, or explain, the predictions made by a machine learning model is of fundamental importance. This is especially true when there is interest in deploying data-driven models to make high-stakes decisions, e.g. in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 An-phi Nguyen , María Rodríguez Martínez

Although deep learning models are powerful among various applications, most deep learning models are still a black box, lacking verifiability and interpretability, which means the decision-making process that human beings cannot understand.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Qianmengke Zhao , Ye Wang , Qun Liu

ML model design either starts with an interpretable model or a Blackbox and explains it post hoc. Blackbox models are flexible but difficult to explain, while interpretable models are inherently explainable. Yet, interpretable models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Shantanu Ghosh , Ke Yu , Forough Arabshahi , Kayhan Batmanghelich

We present a model-agnostic framework for jointly optimizing the predictive performance and interpretability of supervised machine learning models for tabular data. Interpretability is quantified via three measures: feature sparsity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Lennart Schneider , Bernd Bischl , Janek Thomas

Due to concerns about parametric model misspecification, there is interest in using machine learning to adjust for confounding when evaluating the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Unfortunately, exposure effect estimators that…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-08 Oliver Dukes , Stijn Vansteelandt , David Whitney

Models often need to be constrained to a certain size for them to be considered interpretable. For example, a decision tree of depth 5 is much easier to understand than one of depth 50. Limiting model size, however, often reduces accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Abhishek Ghose , Balaraman Ravindran

Data-driven models created by machine learning, gain in importance in all fields of design and engineering. They, have high potential to assist decision-makers in creating novel, artefacts with better performance and sustainability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Philipp Geyer , Manav Mahan Singh , Xia Chen