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The onset of thermalization in heavy ion collisions in the weak coupling framework can be viewed as a transition from the initial state Color Glass Condensate dynamics, characterized by the energy density scaling like $\epsilon \sim 1/\tau$…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-11-30 Yuri V. Kovchegov

In this contributed chapter, I review our current understanding of the applicability of hydrodynamics to modeling the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), focusing on the question of hydrodynamization/thermalization of the QGP and the anisotropic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-02-16 Michael Strickland

We study universal features of the hydrodynamization process in heavy-ion collisions using QCD kinetic theory simulations for a wide range of couplings. We introduce the new concept of limiting attractors, which are obtained by…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-06-25 Kirill Boguslavski , Aleksi Kurkela , Tuomas Lappi , Florian Lindenbauer , Jarkko Peuron

To describe ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions we construct a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. In contrast to one-fluid hydrodynamics, it accounts for the finite stopping power of nuclear matter, i.e. for nonequilibrium effects in the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-08 J. Brachmann , A. Dumitru , J. A. Maruhn , H. Stöcker , W. Greiner , D. H. Rischke

We present algorithms to solve relativistic hydrodynamics in 3+1--dimensional situations without apparent symmetry to simplify the solution. In simulations of heavy--ion collisions, these numerical schemes have to deal with the physical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Dirk H. Rischke , Stefan Bernard , Joachim A. Maruhn

High-energy nuclear collisions produce a nonequilibrium plasma of quarks and gluons which thermalizes and exhibits hydrodynamic flow. There are currently no practical frameworks to connect the early particle production in classical field…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-04-30 Aleksi Kurkela , Aleksas Mazeliauskas , Jean-François Paquet , Sören Schlichting , Derek Teaney

Heavy-ion collisions performed in the beam energy range accessible by the NICA collider facility are expected to produce systems of extreme net-baryon densities and can thus reach yet unexplored regions of the QCD phase diagram. Here, one…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-21 Marlene Nahrgang , Christoph Herold

A 1+1 dimensional hydrodynamical model in the light-cone coordinates is used to describe central heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic bombarding energies. Deviations from Bjorken's scaling are taken into account by choosing finite-size…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 L. M. Satarov , I. N. Mishustin , A. V. Merdeev , H. Stoecker

Systems with long-range interactions display a short-time relaxation towards Quasi Stationary States (QSSs) whose lifetime increases with system size. With reference to the Hamiltonian Mean Field (HMF) model, we here show that a maximum…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Andrea Antoniazzi , Duccio Fanelli , Stefano Ruffo , Yoshiyuki Y. Yamaguchi

We introduce a combined fully three-dimensional macroscopic/microscopic transport approach employing relativistic 3D-hydrodynamics for the early, dense, deconfined stage of the reaction and a microscopic non-equilibrium model for the later…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Chiho Nonaka , Steffen A. Bass

It is shown how the initial azimuthally asymmetric flow develops from the free-streaming + sudden equilibration approximation to the early dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Consequences for the hydrodynamics and physical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-04-24 Wojciech Broniowski , Wojciech Florkowski , Mikolaj Chojnacki , Adam Kisiel

The QCD Critical Point is a pivotal feature of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. Signatures of the critical point are expected to manifest through the non-monotonic behavior of higher-order moments of conserved quantities,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-07-30 Amal Sarkar , Paramita Deb , Bidhan Mandal , Raghava Varma

The search for the QCD critical point in heavy-ion collision experiments requires dynamical simulations of the bulk evolution of QCD matter as well as of fluctuations. We consider two essential ingredients of such a simulation: a generic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-08-15 M. Stephanov , Y. Yin

Effects caused by the event-by-event fluctuation of the initial conditions in hydrodynamical description of high-energy heavy-ion collisions are investigated. Non-negligible effects appear for several observable quantities, even for a fixed…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-17 C. E. Aguiar , Y. Hama , T. Kodama , T. Osada

Carroll hydrodynamics arises in the $c\to 0$ limit of relativistic hydrodynamics. Instances of its relevance include the Bjorken and Gubser flow models of heavy-ion collisions, where the ultrarelativistic nature of the flow makes the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-01-13 Kedar S. Kolekar , Taniya Mandal , Ashish Shukla , Pushkar Soni

The experimental search for the QCD critical point by means of relativistic heavy-ion collisions necessitates the development of dynamical models of fluctuations. In this work we study the fluctuations of the net-baryon density near the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-11-25 Marlene Nahrgang , Marcus Bluhm

The fluidity of the hot and dense QCD matter is a key characteristic of the medium created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We extend the framework of the relativistic hydrodynamic model to incorporate non-thermal momentum distributions…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-22 Akihiko Monnai

Extending the quantum effective approach of Son and Nicolis and incorporating dissipation, we develop a MIS formalism for describing a superfluid out of equilibrium by including the Goldstone boson and the condensate together with the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-05-05 Toshali Mitra , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Alexander Soloviev

Using and comparing kinetic theory and second-order Chapman-Enskog hydrodynamics, we study the non-conformal dynamics of a system undergoing Bjorken expansion. We use the concept of `free-streaming fixed lines' for scaled shear and bulk…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-03-14 Sunil Jaiswal , Chandrodoy Chattopadhyay , Lipei Du , Ulrich Heinz , Subrata Pal

Search for the conjectured QCD critical point is one of the major scientific goals for the Beam Energy Scan program at RHIC. The growth of the correlation length is a universal feature for systems near criticality, and bulk viscosity…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-03-14 Akihiko Monnai , Swagato Mukherjee , Yi Yin