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Adaptive inference is a simple method for reducing inference costs. The method works by maintaining multiple classifiers of different capacities, and allocating resources to each test instance according to its difficulty. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Daniel Rotem , Michael Hassid , Jonathan Mamou , Roy Schwartz

To tackle the high inference latency exhibited by autoregressive language models, previous studies have proposed an early-exiting framework that allocates adaptive computation paths for each token based on the complexity of generating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Sangmin Bae , Jongwoo Ko , Hwanjun Song , Se-Young Yun

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on transformers achieve cutting-edge results on a variety of applications. However, their enormous size and processing requirements hinder deployment on constrained resources. To enhance efficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wazib Ansar , Saptarsi Goswami , Amlan Chakrabarti

Ensuring the safety and efficiency of AI systems is a central goal of modern research. Formal verification provides guarantees of neural network robustness, while early exits improve inference efficiency by enabling intermediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yizhak Yisrael Elboher , Avraham Raviv , Amihay Elboher , Zhouxing Shi , Omri Azencot , Hillel Kugler , Guy Katz

Early-exit neural networks enable adaptive inference by allowing predictions at intermediate layers, reducing computational cost. However, early exits often lack interpretability and may focus on different features than deeper layers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yanhua Zhao

Transformer-based language models such as BERT provide significant accuracy improvement for a multitude of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, their hefty computational and memory demands make them challenging to deploy to…

We propose a new architectural change, and post-training pipeline, for making LLMs more verbose reasoners by teaching a model to truncate forward passes early. We augment an existing transformer architecture with an early-exit mechanism at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Elizabeth Pavlova , Mariia Koroliuk , Karthik Viswanathan , Cameron Tice , Edward James Young , Puria Radmard

Increasing model size when pretraining natural language representations often results in improved performance on downstream tasks. However, at some point further model increases become harder due to GPU/TPU memory limitations and longer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Zhenzhong Lan , Mingda Chen , Sebastian Goodman , Kevin Gimpel , Piyush Sharma , Radu Soricut

Pretrained transformer-based models such as BERT have demonstrated state-of-the-art predictive performance when adapted into a range of natural language processing tasks. An open problem is how to improve the faithfulness of explanations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 George Chrysostomou , Nikolaos Aletras

Recent advances in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have led to significant performance improvements across many tasks. These gains come with a drastic increase in the models' size, potentially leading to slow and costly use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Jai Gupta , Mostafa Dehghani , Dara Bahri , Vinh Q. Tran , Yi Tay , Donald Metzler

Parameter-shared pre-trained language models (PLMs) have emerged as a successful approach in resource-constrained environments, enabling substantial reductions in model storage and memory costs without significant performance compromise.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Weize Chen , Xiaoyue Xu , Xu Han , Yankai Lin , Ruobing Xie , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Jie Zhou

Pre-trained language models have shown stellar performance in various downstream tasks. But, this usually comes at the cost of high latency and computation, hindering their usage in resource-limited settings. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Ali Modarressi , Hosein Mohebbi , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Fine-tuning BERT-based models is resource-intensive in memory, computation, and time. While many prior works aim to improve inference efficiency via compression techniques, e.g., pruning, these works do not explicitly address the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Danilo Vucetic , Mohammadreza Tayaranian , Maryam Ziaeefard , James J. Clark , Brett H. Meyer , Warren J. Gross

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong planning and decision-making capabilities in complex embodied environments. However, such agents often suffer from inefficiencies in multi-turn interactions, frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Qingyu Lu , Liang Ding , Siyi Cao , Xuebo Liu , Kanjian Zhang , Jinxia Zhang , Dacheng Tao

We explore advanced fine-tuning techniques to boost BERT's performance in sentiment analysis, paraphrase detection, and semantic textual similarity. Our approach leverages SMART regularization to combat overfitting, improves hyperparameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Pradyumna Saligram , Andrew Lanpouthakoun

Computational complexity and overthinking problems have become the bottlenecks for pre-training language models (PLMs) with millions or even trillions of parameters. A Flexible-Patience-Based Early Exiting method (F-PABEE) has been proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Xiangxiang Gao , Wei Zhu , Jiasheng Gao , Congrui Yin

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from \emph{overthinking}, a phenomenon in which redundant reasoning steps are generated after a correct solution has already been reached. Existing early reasoning exit methods primarily rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Kang Liu , Yongkang Liu , Xiaocui Yang , Peidong Wang , Wen Zhang , Shi Feng , Yifei Zhang , Daling Wang

Early-Exit (EE) is a Large Language Model (LLM) architecture that accelerates inference by allowing easier tokens to be generated using only a subset of the model's layers. However, traditional batching frameworks are ill-suited for EE…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xuting Liu , Daniel Alexander , Siva Kesava Reddy Kakarla , Behnaz Arzani , Vincent Liu

Early exiting is an effective paradigm for improving the inference efficiency of pre-trained language models (PLMs) by dynamically adjusting the number of executed layers for each sample. However, in most existing works, easy and hard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Jianing He , Qi Zhang , Hongyun Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Usman Naseem , Duoqian Miao

Modern search engine ranking pipelines are commonly based on large machine-learned ensembles of regression trees. We propose LEAR, a novel - learned - technique aimed to reduce the average number of trees traversed by documents to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Francesco Busolin , Claudio Lucchese , Franco Maria Nardini , Salvatore Orlando , Raffaele Perego , Salvatore Trani