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Understanding theoretical properties of deep and locally connected nonlinear network, such as deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), is still a hard problem despite its empirical success. In this paper, we propose a novel theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Yuandong Tian

We demonstrate that a very deep ResNet with stacked modules with one neuron per hidden layer and ReLU activation functions can uniformly approximate any Lebesgue integrable function in $d$ dimensions, i.e. $\ell_1(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Because of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Hongzhou Lin , Stefanie Jegelka

In a neural network with ReLU activations, the number of piecewise linear regions in the output can grow exponentially with depth. However, this is highly unlikely to happen when the initial parameters are sampled randomly, which therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Max Milkert , David Hyde , Forrest Laine

Convergence of deep neural networks as the depth of the networks tends to infinity is fundamental in building the mathematical foundation for deep learning. In a previous study, we investigated this question for deep ReLU networks with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Yuesheng Xu , Haizhang Zhang

We study the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with an activation function which is a power of the rectified linear unit. Specifically, we consider the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-23 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

In spite of finite dimension ReLU neural networks being a consistent factor behind recent deep learning successes, a theory of feature learning in these models remains elusive. Currently, insightful theories still rely on assumptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Devon Jarvis , Richard Klein , Benjamin Rosman , Andrew M. Saxe

In this review paper, we give a comprehensive overview of the large variety of approximation results for neural networks. Approximation rates for classical function spaces as well as benefits of deep neural networks over shallow ones for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Ingo Gühring , Mones Raslan , Gitta Kutyniok

This paper studies the numerical approximation of divergence-free vector fields by linearized shallow neural networks, also referred to as random feature models or finite neuron spaces. Combining the stable potential lifting for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Juncai He , Xinliang Liu , Zitong Tian

Deep neural networks can empirically perform efficient hierarchical learning, in which the layers learn useful representations of the data. However, how they make use of the intermediate representations are not explained by recent theories…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Minshuo Chen , Yu Bai , Jason D. Lee , Tuo Zhao , Huan Wang , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher

We present a fully constructive analysis of deep ReLU neural networks for classification and function approximation tasks. First, we prove that any dataset with $N$ distinct points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $M$ output classes can be exactly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-25 Martín Hernández , Enrique Zuazua

For artificial deep neural networks, we prove expression rates for analytic functions $f:\mathbb{R}^d\to\mathbb{R}$ in the norm of $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d,\gamma_d)$ where $d\in {\mathbb{N}}\cup\{ \infty \}$. Here $\gamma_d$ denotes the Gaussian…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-16 Christoph Schwab , Jakob Zech

One fundamental problem in deep learning is understanding the outstanding performance of deep Neural Networks (NNs) in practice. One explanation for the superiority of NNs is that they can realize a large class of complicated functions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 H. Xiong , L. Huang , M. Yu , L. Liu , F. Zhu , L. Shao

This note provides a family of classification problems, indexed by a positive integer $k$, where all shallow networks with fewer than exponentially (in $k$) many nodes exhibit error at least $1/6$, whereas a deep network with 2 nodes in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-30 Matus Telgarsky

Training deep neural networks is a challenging non-convex optimization problem. Recent work has proven that the strong duality holds (which means zero duality gap) for regularized finite-width two-layer ReLU networks and consequently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Yifei Wang , Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci

This paper explores the implicit bias of overparameterized neural networks of depth greater than two layers. Our framework considers a family of networks of varying depth that all have the same capacity but different implicitly defined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett

Rectified Linear Units (ReLU) have become the main model for the neural units in current deep learning systems. This choice has been originally suggested as a way to compensate for the so called vanishing gradient problem which can undercut…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-05-06 Carlo Baldassi , Enrico M. Malatesta , Riccardo Zecchina

How can local-search methods such as stochastic gradient descent (SGD) avoid bad local minima in training multi-layer neural networks? Why can they fit random labels even given non-convex and non-smooth architectures? Most existing theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Zhao Song

We address the challenging problem of deep representation learning--the efficient adaption of a pre-trained deep network to different tasks. Specifically, we propose to explore gradient-based features. These features are gradients of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Fangzhou Mu , Yingyu Liang , Yin Li

We discuss the expressive power of neural networks which use the non-smooth ReLU activation function $\varrho(x) = \max\{0,x\}$ by analyzing the approximation theoretic properties of such networks. The existing results mainly fall into two…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-04-10 Felix Voigtlaender , Philipp Petersen

We prove a large deviation principle for deep neural networks with Gaussian weights and at most linearly growing activation functions, such as ReLU. This generalises earlier work, in which bounded and continuous activation functions were…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Quirin Vogel