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Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained using Equilibrium Propagation (EP), a biologically plausible training algorithm, have demonstrated strong performance in various tasks such as image classification and reinforcement learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yoshimasa Kubo , Jean Erik Delanois , Maxim Bazhenov

Binary Neural Networks (BNNs), which constrain both weights and activations to binary values, offer substantial reductions in computational complexity, memory footprint, and energy consumption. These advantages make them particularly well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Luca Colombo , Fabrizio Pittorino , Daniele Zambon , Carlo Baldassi , Manuel Roveri , Cesare Alippi

Recurrent Backpropagation and Equilibrium Propagation are supervised learning algorithms for fixed point recurrent neural networks which differ in their second phase. In the first phase, both algorithms converge to a fixed point which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Benjamin Scellier , Yoshua Bengio

Equilibrium Propagation (EP) is a learning algorithm for training Energy-based Models (EBMs) on static inputs which leverages the variational description of their fixed points. Extending EP to time-varying inputs is a challenging problem,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Guillaume Pourcel , Debabrota Basu , Maxence Ernoult , Aditya Gilra

We introduce Gradient Equilibrium Propagation (GradEP), a mechanism that extends Equilibrium Propagation (EP) to train energy gradients rather than energy minima, enabling EP to be applied to tasks where the learning objective depends on…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-26 Alex Gower

We introduce a principled method to train end-to-end analog neural networks by stochastic gradient descent. In these analog neural networks, the weights to be adjusted are implemented by the conductances of programmable resistive devices…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Jack Kendall , Ross Pantone , Kalpana Manickavasagam , Yoshua Bengio , Benjamin Scellier

The reverse process in score-based diffusion models is formally equivalent to overdamped Langevin dynamics in a time-dependent energy landscape. In our prior work we showed that a bilinearly-coupled analog substrate can physically realize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Aditi De

Equilibrium propagation has been proposed as a biologically plausible alternative to the backpropagation algorithm. The local nature of gradient computations, combined with the use of convergent RNNs to reach equilibrium states, make this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Sankar Vinayak Elayedam , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan

Artificial neural networks are most commonly trained with the back-propagation algorithm, where the gradient for learning is provided by back-propagating the error, layer by layer, from the output layer to the hidden layers. A recently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-22 Arild Nøkland

Neural network has attracted great attention for a long time and many researchers are devoted to improve the effectiveness of neural network training algorithms. Though stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and other explicit gradient-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-11 Ren Liu , Xiaoqun Zhang

This paper presents a novel method for autonomously enhancing deep neural network training. My approach employs an Evaluation Neural Network (ENN) trained via deep reinforcement learning to predict the performance of the target network. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ryohei Ino

Exact inference in the linear regression model with spike and slab priors is often intractable. Expectation propagation (EP) can be used for approximate inference. However, the regular sequential form of EP (R-EP) may fail to converge in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-12-13 José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Daniel Hernández-Lobato

Bayesian inference is a popular method to build learning algorithms but it is hampered by the fact that its key object, the posterior probability distribution, is often uncomputable. Expectation Propagation (EP) (Minka (2001)) is a popular…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-16 Guillaume P. Dehaene

Many of the recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence have been fueled by the highly successful backpropagation of error (BP) algorithm, which efficiently solves the credit assignment problem in artificial neural networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Sander Dalm , Nasir Ahmad , Luca Ambrogioni , Marcel van Gerven

How the brain performs credit assignment is a fundamental unsolved problem in neuroscience. Many `biologically plausible' algorithms have been proposed, which compute gradients that approximate those computed by backpropagation (BP), and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Beren Millidge , Yuhang Song , Tommaso Salvatori , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Stochastic gradient descent with backpropagation is the workhorse of artificial neural networks. It has long been recognized that backpropagation fails to be a biologically plausible algorithm. Fundamentally, it is a non-local procedure --…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-24 Ganlin Song , Ruitu Xu , John Lafferty

We introduce Error Forward-Propagation, a biologically plausible mechanism to propagate error feedback forward through the network. Architectural constraints on connectivity are virtually eliminated for error feedback in the brain;…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Adam A. Kohan , Edward A. Rietman , Hava T. Siegelmann

Physical systems that naturally perform energy descent offer a direct route to accelerating machine learning. Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) exemplify this idea: their GHz-frequency dynamics mirror both the optimization of energy-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Alex Gower

The backpropagation algorithm has long been the canonical training method for neural networks. Modern paradigms are implicitly optimized for it, and numerous guidelines exist to ensure its proper use. Recently, synthetic gradients methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-12 Julien Launay , Iacopo Poli , Florent Krzakala

The back-propagation (BP) algorithm has been considered the de-facto method for training deep neural networks. It back-propagates errors from the output layer to the hidden layers in an exact manner using the transpose of the feedforward…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Hongyin Luo , Jie Fu , James Glass