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Clinical Text Notes (CTNs) contain physicians' reasoning process, written in an unstructured free text format, as they examine and interview patients. In recent years, several studies have been published that provide evidence for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Hlynur D. Hlynsson , Steindór Ellertsson , Jón F. Daðason , Emil L. Sigurdsson , Hrafn Loftsson

ICD coding from electronic clinical records is a manual, time-consuming and expensive process. Code assignment is, however, an important task for billing purposes and database organization. While many works have studied the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Arthur D. Reys , Danilo Silva , Daniel Severo , Saulo Pedro , Marcia M. de Souza e Sá , Guilherme A. C. Salgado

Computerised clinical coding approaches aim to automate the process of assigning a set of codes to medical records. While there is active research pushing the state of the art on clinical coding for hospitalized patients, the outpatient…

Automated medical coding is a process of codifying clinical notes to appropriate diagnosis and procedure codes automatically from the standard taxonomies such as ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and CPT (Current Procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Jeshuren Chelladurai , Sudarsun Santhiappan , Balaraman Ravindran

Improving the accuracy and reliability of medical coding reduces clinician burnout and supports revenue cycle processes, freeing providers to focus more on patient care. However, automating the assignment of ICD-10-CM and CPT codes from…

ICD-9 coding is a relevant clinical billing task, where unstructured texts with information about a patient's diagnosis and treatments are annotated with multiple ICD-9 codes. Automated ICD-9 coding is an active research field, where CNN-…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Malte Feucht , Zhiliang Wu , Sophia Althammer , Volker Tresp

The extraction and analysis of insights from medical data, primarily stored in free-text formats by healthcare workers, presents significant challenges due to its unstructured nature. Medical coding, a crucial process in healthcare, remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Mikhail Kulyabin , Gleb Sokolov , Aleksandr Galaida , Andreas Maier , Tomas Arias-Vergara

ICD coding is the process of mapping unstructured text from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to standardised codes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. In order to promote trust and transparency, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Wuraola Oyewusi , Kai Kang , Goran Nenadic

There are several opportunities for automation in healthcare that can improve clinician throughput. One such example is assistive tools to document diagnosis codes when clinicians write notes. We study the automation of medical code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Weiming Ren , Ruijing Zeng , Tongzi Wu , Tianshu Zhu , Rahul G. Krishnan

Clinical coding is a critical task in healthcare, although traditional methods for automating clinical coding may not provide sufficient explicit evidence for coders in production environments. This evidence is crucial, as medical coders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Leonor Barreiros , Isabel Coutinho , Gonçalo M. Correia , Bruno Martins

Medical text learning has recently emerged as a promising area to improve healthcare due to the wide adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems. The complexity of the medical text such as diverse length, mixed text types, and full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yong He , Cheng Wang , Shun Zhang , Nan Li , Zhaorong Li , Zhenyu Zeng

Documentation errors increase healthcare costs and cause unnecessary patient deaths. As the standard language for diagnoses and billing, ICD codes serve as the foundation for medical documentation worldwide. Despite the prevalence of…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Albert Haque , Corinna Fukushima

International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding procedure which refers to tagging medical notes with diagnosis codes has been shown to be effective and crucial to the billing system in medical sector. Currently, ICD codes are assigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Biplob Biswas , Thai-Hoang Pham , Ping Zhang

Medical coding, the translation of unstructured clinical text into standardized medical codes, is a crucial but time-consuming healthcare practice. Though large language models (LLM) could automate the coding process and improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 John Wu , David Wu , Jimeng Sun

An important issue impacting healthcare is a lack of available experts. Machine learning (ML) models could resolve this by aiding in diagnosing patients. However, creating datasets large enough to train these models is expensive. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Chancellor R. Woolsey , Prakash Bisht , Joshua Rothman , Gondy Leroy

This study aims to explore the implementation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques to automate the coding of medical letters with visualised explainability and light-weighted local computer settings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Jamie Glen , Lifeng Han , Paul Rayson , Goran Nenadic

Unstructured clinical text in EHRs contains crucial information for applications including decision support, trial matching, and retrospective research. Recent work has applied BERT-based models to clinical information extraction and text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Kexin Huang , Sankeerth Garapati , Alexander S. Rich

This study evaluates how well large language models (LLMs) can classify ICD-10 codes from hospital discharge summaries, a critical but error-prone task in healthcare. Using 1,500 summaries from the MIMIC-IV dataset and focusing on the 10…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Akram Mustafa , Usman Naseem , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in planning and tool utilization as autonomous agents, but few have been developed for medical problem-solving. We propose EHRAgent, an LLM agent empowered with a code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Wenqi Shi , Ran Xu , Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Jieyu Zhang , Hang Wu , Yuanda Zhu , Joyce Ho , Carl Yang , May D. Wang

Mental health has become a global priority, leading to a massive administrative burden in the coding of clinical diagnoses. This study proposes the automation of psychiatric diagnostic analysis by mapping free-text descriptions to the…