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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute in an event-based matter to achieve a more efficient computation than standard Neural Networks. In SNNs, neuronal outputs (i.e. activations) are not encoded with real-valued activations but with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jan Sommer , M. Akif Özkan , Oliver Keszocze , Jürgen Teich

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) take inspiration from the brain to enable energy-efficient computations. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on modern sequential tasks, as they inherit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Matei Ioan Stan , Oliver Rhodes

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have shown capabilities of achieving high accuracy under unsupervised settings and low operational power/energy due to their bio-plausible computations. Previous studies identified that DRAM-based off-chip…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Muhammad Shafique

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have shown advantages in computation and energy efficiency over traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) thanks to their event-driven representations. SNNs also replace weight multiplications in ANNs with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Yangfan Hu , Qian Zheng , Xudong Jiang , Gang Pan

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent a biologically inspired paradigm offering an energy-efficient alternative to conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs) for Computer Vision (CV) applications. This paper presents a systematic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Craig Iaboni , Pramod Abichandani

The spiking neural network, known as the third generation neural network, is an important network paradigm. Due to its mode of information propagation that follows biological rationality, the spiking neural network has strong energy…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zihan Dai , Huanfei Ma

The rising demand for energy-efficient edge AI systems (e.g., mobile agents/robots) has increased the interest in neuromorphic computing, since it offers ultra-low power/energy AI computation through spiking neural network (SNN) algorithms…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

Inspired by more detailed modeling of biological neurons, Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been investigated both as more biologically plausible and potentially more powerful models of neural computation, and also with the aim of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Bojian Yin , Federico Corradi , Sander M. Bohte

Over the past decade Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) have emerged as one of the popular architectures to emulate the brain. In SNN, information is temporally encoded and communication between neurons is accomplished by means of spikes. In…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2016-12-14 Abhronil Sengupta , Aparajita Banerjee , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are a promising paradigm for energy-efficient event-driven computation, but large-scale SNN execution remains challenging because sparse spike communication and synchronization can dominate runtime. Existing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Muhammad Ihsan Al Hafiz , Artur Podobas

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer both compelling potential advantages, including energy efficiency and low latencies and challenges including the non-differentiable nature of event spikes. Much of the initial research in this area has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Somayeh Hussaini , Michael Milford , Tobias Fischer

Machine learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), provides solutions for the growing complexity of modern communication systems. This complexity, however, increases power consumption, making the systems energy-intensive. Spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Eike-Manuel Edelmann

Spiking Neural Networks are a type of neural networks where neurons communicate using only spikes. They are often presented as a low-power alternative to classical neural networks, but few works have proven these claims to be true. In this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Edgar Lemaire , Loic Cordone , Andrea Castagnetti , Pierre-Emmanuel Novac , Jonathan Courtois , Benoit Miramond

The machine learning community has become increasingly interested in the energy efficiency of neural networks. The Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising approach to energy-efficient computing, since its activation levels are quantized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Aaron R. Voelker , Daniel Rasmussen , Chris Eliasmith

Agent-based Transformers have been widely adopted in recent reinforcement learning advances due to their demonstrated ability to solve complex tasks. However, the high computational complexity of Transformers often results in significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Irfan Uddin , Nishad Tasnim , Md Omor Faruk , Zejian Zhou

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently emerged as the low-power alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) because of their sparse, asynchronous, and binary event-driven processing. Due to their energy efficiency, SNNs have a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Youngeun Kim , Joshua Chough , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise higher energy efficiency over conventional Quantized Artificial Neural Networks (QNNs) due to their event-driven, spike-based computation. However, prevailing energy evaluations often oversimplify,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhanglu Yan , Zhenyu Bai , Weng-Fai Wong

The inherent dynamics of the neuron membrane potential in Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) allows processing of sequential learning tasks, avoiding the complexity of recurrent neural networks. The highly-sparse spike-based computations in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Amogh Agrawal , Mustafa Ali , Minsuk Koo , Nitin Rathi , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Kaushik Roy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been recently integrated into Transformer architectures due to their potential to reduce computational demands and to improve power efficiency. Yet, the implementation of the attention mechanism using…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zihang Song , Prabodh Katti , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) hold promise for energy-efficient, biologically inspired computing. We identify substantial informatio loss during spike transmission, linked to temporal dependencies in traditional Leaky Integrate-and-Fire…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Guobin Shen , Jindong Li , Tenglong Li , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng