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Vacuum systems are an intrinsic part of any accelerator around the world: all particles circulate under vacuum. This lecture gives rudiments on the fundamentals of vacuum science such as units, ideal gas law, partial pressure, mean free…
A good vacuum performance in particle accelerators is vital for their successful operation. The reasons why a good vacuum is needed, together with the basics of vacuum physics and technology and the main gas sources inside the vacuum…
This lecture introduces major physics and technology aspects of accelerator vacuum systems. Following an introduction, in the second section generic vacuum quantities such as pressure, gas density, the gas equation, pumping speed,…
The effective and reliable operation of particle accelerator machines is strongly related to obtaining and keeping the required ultra-high vacuum level. This paper briefly presents some generic requirements to take in consideration for…
In modern high-intensity accelerators, the circulating beam interacts in many ways with the vacuum beam pipe, causing a variety of different phenomena. Most of them have been discussed at length in other contributions to this CAS report. I…
In semiconductor manufacturing, contamination due to particulates significantly decreases the yield and quality of device fabrication, therefore increasing the cost of production. Dust particle clouds can be found in almost all plasma…
Principles of the precision cleaning dedicated to ultra-high vacuum applications are reviewed together with the techniques for the evaluation of surface cleanliness. Methods to verify the effectiveness of cleaning procedures are addressed.…
Gas load and pumping determine the quality of vacuum systems. In particle accelerators, once leaks are excluded, outgassing of materials is an important source of gas together with degassing induced by particle beams. Understanding,…
Over the past decade, dust particulate contamination has increasingly become an area of concern within the fusion research community. In a burning plasma machine design like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), dust…
The collimator system of a particle accelerator must efficiently remove stray particles and provide protection against uncontrolled losses. In this article, the basic design concepts of collimators and some realizations are presented.
Experiments in the field of quantum optics often require very low concentrations of dust particles in the laboratory, but the complexity of working routines precludes operation within a proper clean room. Research teams have established a…
Dust aggregates are formed in a laboratory plasma as monodisperse spheres are accelerated in a self-excited dust density wave. The asymmetric charge on the aggregates causes them to rotate as they interact with the sheath electric field or…
In modern accelerators, stringent requirements are placed on the materials used for vacuum systems. Their physical and mechanical properties, machinability, weldability and brazeability are key parameters. Adequate strength, ductility,…
Environmental pollutants are a source for reliability issues across data center and telecommunications equipment. A primary driver of this is the transport and deposition of particle matter (PM$_{2.5}$, PM$_{10}$) on printed circuit boards,…
When a beam propagates in an accelerator, it interacts with both the external fields and the self-generated electromagnetic fields. If the latter are strong enough, the interplay between them and a perturbation in the beam distribution…
Particle colliders have been remarkably successful tools in particle and nuclear physics. What are the future trends and limitations of accelerators as they currently exist, and are there possible alternative approaches? What would the…
It is observed that hypervelocity space dust, which is continuously bombarding the Earth, creates immense momentum flows in the atmosphere. Some of this fast space dust inevitably will interact with the atmospheric system, transferring…
The plasma is generated in a low frequency glow discharge within an elongated glass tube oriented vertically. The dust particles added to the plasma are confined above the heater and form counter-rotating clouds close to the tube centre.…
The main purpose of research is to determine the influence by the small dispersive coal dust particles of the different fractional consistence on the technical characteristics of the vertical iodine air filter at nuclear power plant. The…
This paper describes the CERN's vacuum control system from the field devices to the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition software. First, a particular attention is given to the environment present in the accelerators, like noise…