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The brain is the perfect place to look for inspiration to develop more efficient neural networks. The inner workings of our synapses and neurons provide a glimpse at what the future of deep learning might look like. This paper serves as a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Jason K. Eshraghian , Max Ward , Emre Neftci , Xinxin Wang , Gregor Lenz , Girish Dwivedi , Mohammed Bennamoun , Doo Seok Jeong , Wei D. Lu

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted the attention of the deep learning community for use in low-latency, low-power neuromorphic hardware, as well as models for understanding neuroscience. In this paper, we introduce Spiking Phasor…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Connor Bybee , E. Paxon Frady , Friedrich T. Sommer

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that operate in an event-driven manner and employ binary spike representation have recently emerged as promising candidates for energy-efficient computing. However, a cost bottleneck arises in obtaining…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yunpeng Yao , Man Wu , Zheng Chen , Renyuan Zhang

Continuous-time, event-native spiking neural networks (SNNs) operate strictly on spike events, treating spike timing and ordering as the representation rather than an artifact of time discretization. This viewpoint aligns with biological…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Todd Morrill , Christian Pehle , Anthony Zador

The success of deep learning in the past decade is partially shrouded in the shadow of adversarial attacks. In contrast, the brain is far more robust at complex cognitive tasks. Utilizing the advantage that neurons in the brain communicate…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-12 Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang , Jian K. Liu

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as a brain-inspired and energy-efficient network, is currently facing the pivotal challenge of exploring a suitable and efficient learning framework. The predominant training methodologies, namely…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zecheng Hao , Qichao Ma , Kang Chen , Yi Zhang , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking neural networks play an important role in brain-like neuromorphic computations and in studying working mechanisms of neural circuits. One drawback of training a large scale spiking neural network is that updating all weights is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-15 Zhanghan Lin , Haiping Huang

Spiking neural networks (SNN) as time-dependent hypotheses consisting of spiking nodes (neurons) and directed edges (synapses) are believed to offer unique solutions to reward prediction tasks and the related feedback that are classified as…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-17 Doo Seok Jeong

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute using sparse communication and are attracting increased attention as a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks~(ANNs). While standard ANNs are stateless, spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Balázs Mészáros , James C. Knight , Thomas Nowotny

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are different from the classical networks used in deep learning: the neurons communicate using electrical impulses called spikes, just like biological neurons. SNNs are appealing for AI technology, because…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Nandan Meda

A main concern in cognitive neuroscience is to decode the overt neural spike train observations and infer latent representations under neural circuits. However, traditional methods entail strong prior on network structure and hardly meet…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-22 Zhijie Chen , Junchi Yan , Longyuan Li , Xiaokang Yang

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained momentum due to their high potential in time-series processing combined with minimal energy consumption. However, they still lack a dedicated and efficient training algorithm. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Giovanni Perin , Cesare Bidini , Riccardo Mazzieri , Michele Rossi

The problem of training spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a necessary precondition to understanding computations within the brain, a field still in its infancy. Previous work has shown that supervised learning in multi-layer SNNs enables…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S. Maida

Spiking neural networks have gained significant attention due to their brain-like information processing capabilities. The use of surrogate gradients has made it possible to train spiking neural networks with backpropagation, leading to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Yiting Dong , Yang Li , Yi Zeng

As the scales of neural networks increase, techniques that enable them to run with low computational cost and energy efficiency are required. From such demands, various efficient neural network paradigms, such as spiking neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Kazuma Suetake , Shin-ichi Ikegawa , Ryuji Saiin , Yoshihide Sawada

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been proposed as biologically plausible and energy-efficient alternatives to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, the training of SNN usually relies on surrogate gradients due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Himanshu Udupi , Xiaocong Yang , ChengXiang Zhai

We introduce a new supervised learning algorithm based to train spiking neural networks for classification. The algorithm overcomes a limitation of existing multi-spike learning methods: it solves the problem of interference between…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Huy Le Nguyen , Dominique Chu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional deep learning frameworks, since they provide higher computational efficiency in event driven neuromorphic hardware. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-05 Gourav Datta , Souvik Kundu , Peter A. Beerel

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are energy-efficient neural networks because of their spiking nature. However, as the spike firing rate of SNNs increases, the energy consumption does as well, and thus, the advantage of SNNs diminishes. Here,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Kazuma Suetake , Takuya Ushimaru , Ryuji Saiin , Yoshihide Sawada