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Quantum key distribution(QKD) might be the most famous application of quantum information theory. The idea of QKD is not difficult to understand but in practical implementations, many problems are needed to be solved, for example, the noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-01 Hao Shu , Chang-Yue Zhang , Yue-Qiu Chen , Zhu-Jun Zheng , Shao-Ming Fei

In the Gaussian-modulated coherent state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, the sender first generates Gaussian distributed random numbers and then encodes them on weak laser pulses actively by performing amplitude and phase…

Quantum key distribution relying on the principles of quantum mechanics enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key, thereby ensuring the security of data transmission. Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-05 Dengke Qi , Xiangyu Wang , Jiayu Ma , Zhenghua Li , Ziyang Chen , Yueming Lu , Song Yu

Establishing scalable, secure quantum networks requires advancing beyond conventional point-to-point quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols toward point-to-multipoint QKD protocols. Here, we generalize a well-established…

A global continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) network can be established using a series of satellite-to-Earth channels. Increased performance in such a network is provided by performing coherent measurement of the optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Nathan K Long , Robert Malaney , Kenneth J Grant

We propose a frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system with enhanced spectral efficiency through dense multiplexing of low-symbol-rate signals. A four-channel 10-Mbaud FDM-CV-QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Jahyeok Han , Donghyeok Le , Minseok Ryu , Syed Assad , Yong-Su Kim , Sunghyun Bae

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables the establishment of secret keys between users connected via a channel vulnerable to eavesdropping, with information-theoretic security, that is, independently of the power of a malevolent party. QKD…

This paper significantly advances the application of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in Free- Space Optics (FSO) satellite-based quantum communication. We propose an innovative satellite quantum channel model and derive the secret quantum…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Mouli Chakraborty , Anshu Mukherjee , Ioannis Krikidis , Avishek Nag , Subhash Chandra

Quantum key distribution (QKD), a technology that enables perfectly secure communication, has evolved to the stage where many different protocols are being used in real-world implementations. Each protocol has its own advantages, meaning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-14 G. L. Roberts , M. Lucamarini , J. F. Dynes , S. J. Savory , Z. L. Yuan , A. J. Shields

In a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) system, the information is conveyed by coherent state carriers. The quantum continuous variables are sent through a quantum channel, where the presence of the eavesdropper adds a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 Laszlo Gyongyosi

It is well known that the repeater node is an essential ingredient for the future global quantum network, which will enable high-rate private communication and entanglement distribution over very long distances. The near-term repeater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Zhiyue Zuo , Stefano Pirandola

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) offers information-theoretic secure key sharing between two parties. The sharing of a phase reference frame is an essential requirement for coherent detection in CV-QKD. Due to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Sebastian Kish , Eduardo Villaseñor , Robert Malaney , Kerry Mudge , Kenneth Grant

Twin-Field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) can beat the linear bound of repeaterless QKD systems. After the proposal of the original protocol, multiple papers have extended the protocol to prove its security. However, these works are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Wenyuan Wang , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a promising emerging technology for the distribution of secure keys for symmetric encryption. It can be readily implemented using commercial off-the-shelf optical telecommunications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-27 Hou-Man Chin , Nitin Jain , Ulrik L. Andersen , Tobias Gehring

Semi-quantum key distribution protocols are designed to allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary, even when one of the users is restricted to measuring and preparing quantum states in one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-15 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec

In this paper, using the full security framework for continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), we provide a composable security proof for the CV-QKD system in a realistic implementation. We take into account equipment losses…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-19 Roman Goncharov , Alexei D. Kiselev , Eduard Samsonov , Vladimir Egorov

Satellite-to-ground quantum communication constitutes the cornerstone of the global quantum network, heralding the advent of the future of quantum information. Continuous-variable quantum key distribution is a strong candidate for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Shi-Gen Li , Chen-Long Li , Wen-Bo Liu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Although multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) terahertz (THz) continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is theoretically secure, practical vulnerabilities may arise due to detector imperfections. This paper explores a CV…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Leixin Wu , Congtian Deng , Jiayu Pan , Lingtao Zhang , Yanyan Feng , Runbo Zhao , Yang Shen , Yuying Zhang , Jian Zhou

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can eliminate all detector side channels and it is practical with current technology. Previous implementations of MDI-QKD all use two symmetric channels with similar losses.…

Satellite-based quantum cryptography has already been demonstrated using discrete variable technology. Nonetheless, there is great interest in using weak coherent pulses to perform quantum key distribution (QKD) in the continuous variable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-04 Eduardo Villaseñor , Robert Malaney , Kerry A. Mudge , Kenneth J. Grant