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Humans refer to objects in their environments all the time, especially in dialogue with other people. We explore generating and comprehending natural language referring expressions for objects in images. In particular, we focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Licheng Yu , Patrick Poirson , Shan Yang , Alexander C. Berg , Tamara L. Berg

Machine comprehension of texts longer than a single sentence often requires coreference resolution. However, most current reading comprehension benchmarks do not contain complex coreferential phenomena and hence fail to evaluate the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Pradeep Dasigi , Nelson F. Liu , Ana Marasović , Noah A. Smith , Matt Gardner

A referring expression (RE) is a description that identifies a set of instances unambiguously. Mining REs from data finds applications in natural language generation, algorithmic journalism, and data maintenance. Since there may exist…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Luis Galárraga , Julien Delaunay , Jean-Louis Dessalles

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a foundational cross-modal task that evaluates the interplay of language understanding, image comprehension, and language-to-image grounding. It serves as an essential testing ground for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xuzheng Yang , Junzhuo Liu , Peng Wang , Guoqing Wang , Yang Yang , Heng Tao Shen

Referring Expression Generation (REG) aims to generate unambiguous Referring Expressions (REs) for objects in a visual scene, with a dual task of Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) to locate the referred object. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Fulong Ye , Yuxing Long , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang

We study the understanding of embodied reference: One agent uses both language and gesture to refer to an object to another agent in a shared physical environment. Of note, this new visual task requires understanding multimodal cues with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Yixin Chen , Qing Li , Deqian Kong , Yik Lun Kei , Song-Chun Zhu , Tao Gao , Yixin Zhu , Siyuan Huang

Humans routinely infer taste, smell, texture, and even sound from food images a phenomenon well studied in cognitive science. However, prior vision language research on food has focused primarily on recognition tasks such as meal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Sabab Ishraq , Aarushi Aarushi , Juncai Jiang , Chen Chen

One of the most basic functions of language is to refer to objects in a shared scene. Modeling reference with continuous representations is challenging because it requires individuation, i.e., tracking and distinguishing an arbitrary number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Gemma Boleda , Sebastian Padó , Marco Baroni

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a popular multimodal task that aims to accurately detect target objects within a single image based on a given textual expression. However, due to the limitations of earlier models, traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Guanghao Jin , Jingpei Wu , Tianpei Guo , Yiyi Niu , Weidong Zhou , Guoyang Liu

We present an empirical analysis of the state-of-the-art systems for referring expression recognition -- the task of identifying the object in an image referred to by a natural language expression -- with the goal of gaining insight into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Volkan Cirik , Louis-Philippe Morency , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Humans frequently use referring (identifying) expressions to refer to objects. Especially in ambiguous settings, humans prefer expressions (called relational referring expressions) that describe an object with respect to a distinguishing,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Hazan Anayurt , Sezai Artun Ozyegin , Ulfet Cetin , Utku Aktas , Sinan Kalkan

Referring expression comprehension (REC) aims at achieving object localization based on natural language descriptions. However, existing REC approaches are constrained by object category descriptions and single-attribute intention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Hao Guo , Jianfei Zhu , Wei Fan , Chunzhi Yi , Feng Jiang

This paper addresses the challenges of learning representations for recipes and food images in the cross-modal retrieval problem. As the relationship between a recipe and its cooked dish is cause-and-effect, treating a recipe as a text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Qing Wang , Chong-Wah Ngo , Ee-Peng Lim

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a vision-language task that localizes a specific image region based on a textual description. Existing REC benchmarks primarily evaluate perceptual capabilities and lack interpretable scoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tianyi Gao , Hao Li , Han Fang , Xin Wei , Xiaodong Dong , Hongbo Sun , Ye Yuan , Zhongjiang He , Jinglin Xu , Jingmin Xin , Hao Sun

Referring expression comprehension aims to localize objects identified by natural language descriptions. This is a challenging task as it requires understanding of both visual and language domains. One nature is that each object can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Yi-Wen Chen , Yi-Hsuan Tsai , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Video Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize a target object in videos based on the queried natural language. Recent improvements in video REC have been made using Transformer-based methods with learnable queries.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Ji Jiang , Meng Cao , Tengtao Song , Long Chen , Yi Wang , Yuexian Zou

Referring object removal refers to removing the specific object in an image referred by natural language expressions and filling the missing region with reasonable semantics. To address this task, we construct the ComCOCO, a synthetic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Xiangtian Xue , Jiasong Wu , Youyong Kong , Lotfi Senhadji , Huazhong Shu

Grounding textual expressions on scene objects from first-person views is a truly demanding capability in developing agents that are aware of their surroundings and behave following intuitive text instructions. Such capability is of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Shuhei Kurita , Naoki Katsura , Eri Onami

Existing approaches for image-to-recipe retrieval have the implicit assumption that a food image can fully capture the details textually documented in its recipe. However, a food image only reflects the visual outcome of a cooked dish and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Qing Wang , Chong-Wah Ngo , Yu Cao , Ee-Peng Lim

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize specified entities or regions in an image based on natural language descriptions. While existing methods handle single-entity localization, they often ignore complex inter-entity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Yizhi Hu , Zezhao Tian , Xingqun Qi , Chen Su , Bingkun Yang , Junhui Yin , Muyi Sun , Man Zhang , Zhenan Sun