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The standard gas mixture for the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), composed of C2H2F4/i-C4H10/SF6, allows the detector operation in avalanche mode, as required by the high-luminosity collider experiments. The gas density, the low current and…
The RPCs employed at the LHC experiments are currently operated in avalanche mode, with a mixture containing a large fraction of C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ ($\approx$90\% or more) with the addition of i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$ and SF$_{6}$ in different…
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are gaseous detectors widely used in high energy physics experiments, operating with a gas mixture primarily containing Tetrafluoroethane (C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$), commonly known as R-134a, which has a global…
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), used for the Muon Spectrometer of the ALICE experiment at CERN LHC, are currently operated in maxi-avalanche mode with a low threshold value and without amplification in the front-end electronics. RPC…
This paper studies the performance of RPCs working with a new family of environment-friendly operating gases, mainly based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydro-Fluoro-Olefins. The tests are carried out on a 2 mm gap RPC and concern the measurement…
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) have shown stable operation at the Large Hadron Collider and satisfactory efficiency for the entire Run 1 (2010-2013) and Run 2 (2015-2018) with C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$-based gas mixtures and the addition of…
Gaseous detectors are widely used in high-energy physics experiments, and in particular at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to provide tracking and triggering over large volumes. It has been recently estimated that Resistive Plate…
The Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) is a gaseous detector; the performance depends very much on the gas mixture as well as the design. MRPCs are used as a timing device in several collider experiments and cosmic ray experiments…
Resistive Plate Chamber detectors are largely used in current High Energy Physics experiments, typically operated in avalanche mode with large fractions of Tetrafluoroethane (C2H2F4), a gas recently banned by the European Union due to its…
The Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) are used as a timing detector in several particle physics and cosmic ray experiments. The gas mixture of MRPC at current experiments is a mixture containing $\rm C_2F_4H_2$ and in some cases $\rm…
Modern gas detectors for detection of particles require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This review studies properties of…
The ALICE RPCs are operated with a mixture of 89.7% $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, 10% i-$C_{4}H_{10}$ and 0.3% $SF_{6}$. $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ and $SF_{6}$ are fluorinated greenhouse gases with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP). New European Union…
Modern gas detectors for detection of particles require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This review studies properties of…
Resistive Plate Chambers detectors are extensively used in several domains of Physics. In High Energy Physics, they are typically operated in avalanche mode with a high-performance gas mixture based on Tetrafluoroethane (C2H2F4), a…
Results obtained by the RPC ECOgas@GIF++ Collaboration, using Resistive Plate Chambers operated with new, eco-friendly gas mixtures, based on Tetrafluoropropene and carbon dioxide, are shown and discussed in this paper. Tests aimed to…
The operations of Resistive Plate Chambers in LHC experiments require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This report shows results of…
The muon identification system of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC is based on Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors. These RPCs are operated in the so-called maxi-avalanche mode with a gas mixture made of tetrafluoroethane…
The operations of Resistive Plate Chambers in LHC experiments require Fluorine based (F-based) gases for optimal performance. Recent European regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. In…
A macroscopic reconstruction is developed to infer iRPC performance using Geant4 observables and one experimental anchor. The Geant4 energy deposition is used to estimate the primary ionization yield, while the efficiency turn-on is modeled…
This report summarizes some useful data on the transport characteristics of gas mixtures which are required for detection of charged particles in gas detectors. We try to replace Freon used for RPC detector in the CMS experiment with…