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Artificial intelligence (AI) systems utilizing deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are widely used for solving important problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-24 Md. Rezaul Karim , Tanhim Islam , Oya Beyan , Christoph Lange , Michael Cochez , Dietrich Rebholz-Schuhmann , Stefan Decker

Deep learning algorithms, in particular convolutional networks, have rapidly become a methodology of choice for analyzing medical images. This paper reviews the major deep learning concepts pertinent to medical image analysis and summarizes…

Deep Learning is a state-of-the-art technique to make inference on extensive or complex data. As a black box model due to their multilayer nonlinear structure, Deep Neural Networks are often criticized to be non-transparent and their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Vanessa Buhrmester , David Münch , Michael Arens

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become a proven and indispensable machine learning tool. As a black-box model, it remains difficult to diagnose what aspects of the model's input drive the decisions of a DNN. In countless real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Gabrielle Ras , Ning Xie , Marcel van Gerven , Derek Doran

Deep Learning has shown outstanding results in computer vision tasks; healthcare is no exception. However, there is no straightforward way to expose the decision-making process of DL models. Good accuracy is not enough for skin cancer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rosa Y. G. Paccotacya-Yanque , Alceu Bissoto , Sandra Avila

Deep visual models have widespread applications in high-stake domains. Hence, their black-box nature is currently attracting a large interest of the research community. We present the first survey in Explainable AI that focuses on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Naveed Akhtar

In spite of the strong performance of machine learning (ML) models in radiology, they have not been widely accepted by radiologists, limiting clinical integration. A key reason is the lack of explainability, which ensures that model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Sara Ketabi , Matthias W. Wagner , Birgit Betina Ertl-Wagner , Greg A. Jamieson , Farzad Khalvati

The success of artificial intelligence (AI), and deep learning models in particular, has led to their widespread adoption across various industries due to their ability to process huge amounts of data and learn complex patterns. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Wei Jie Yeo , Wihan van der Heever , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Ranjan Satapathy , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Deep learning bears promise for drug discovery, including advanced image analysis, prediction of molecular structure and function, and automated generation of innovative chemical entities with bespoke properties. Despite the growing number…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-03 José Jiménez-Luna , Francesca Grisoni , Gisbert Schneider

Healthcare sector is totally different from other industry. It is on high priority sector and people expect highest level of care and services regardless of cost. It did not achieve social expectation even though it consume huge percentage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Muhammad Imran Razzak , Saeeda Naz , Ahmad Zaib

How can we find interpretable, domain-appropriate models of natural phenomena given some complex, raw data such as images? Can we use such models to derive scientific insight from the data? In this paper, we propose some methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Christopher J. Soelistyo , Alan R. Lowe

Deep learning as represented by the artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) has achieved great success in many important areas that deal with text, images, videos, graphs, and so on. However, the black-box nature of DNNs has become one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Fenglei Fan , Jinjun Xiong , Mengzhou Li , Ge Wang

The rapid evolution of machine learning (ML) has led to the widespread adoption of complex "black box" models, such as deep neural networks and ensemble methods. These models exhibit exceptional predictive performance, making them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Ayah Barhrhouj , Julien Aligon

Deep learning has the potential to automate many clinically useful tasks in medical imaging. However translation of deep learning into clinical practice has been hindered by issues such as lack of the transparency and interpretability in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-04 Charles Lu , Andreanne Lemay , Ken Chang , Katharina Hoebel , Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer

Recently, deep learning has been advancing the state of the art in artificial intelligence to a new level, and humans rely on artificial intelligence techniques more than ever. However, even with such unprecedented advancements, the lack of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Jaegul Choo , Shixia Liu

Interpretability, explainability and transparency are key issues to introducing Artificial Intelligence methods in many critical domains: This is important due to ethical concerns and trust issues strongly connected to reliability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 George A. Vouros

Black box machine learning models are currently being used for high stakes decision-making throughout society, causing problems throughout healthcare, criminal justice, and in other domains. People have hoped that creating methods for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-24 Cynthia Rudin

Deep neural networks have been well-known for their superb handling of various machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks. However, due to their over-parameterized black-box nature, it is often difficult to understand the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Xingjian Li , Xuanyu Wu , Xiao Zhang , Ji Liu , Jiang Bian , Dejing Dou

The continuous development of artificial intelligence (AI) theory has propelled this field to unprecedented heights, owing to the relentless efforts of scholars and researchers. In the medical realm, AI takes a pivotal role, leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Qiyang Sun , Alican Akman , Björn W. Schuller

As machine learning is increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts affecting people's livelihoods, there have been growing calls to open the black box and to make machine learning algorithms more explainable. Providing useful explanations…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Umang Bhatt , McKane Andrus , Adrian Weller , Alice Xiang