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We analyze the stopping-time and cycle structure of the normalized Collatz iteration. Using a recursive description of admissible binary sequences, we show that every integer $m \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ arises uniquely and derive new bounds for…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-01-28 Daohang Sha

Sequence of numbers generated by the recurrence relation based on the Collatz conjecture is investigated. An arithmetic operation on the Collatz conjecture is called descending operation, and ascending operation is carried out reversely to…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-11-22 Kyo Jin Ihn

The Collatz conjecture can be stated in terms of the reduced Collatz function R(x) = (3x+1)/2^m (where 2^m is the larger power of 2 that divides 3x+1). The conjecture is: Starting from any odd positive integer and repeating R(x) we…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-14 Livio Colussi

Some simple facts are proved ruling the Collatz tree and the chains of vertices appearing in it, leading to the reduction of the number of significant elements appearing in the tree. Although the Collatz conjecture remains open, these fact…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-07-07 Fabrizio Luccio

We prove that the orbit closure of the determinant is not normal. A similar result is obtained for the orbit closure of the permanent multiplied by a power of a linear form.

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2010-07-13 Shrawan Kumar

Collatz Conjecture sequences increase and decrease in seemingly random fashion. By identifying and analyzing the forms of numbers, we discover that Collatz sequences are governed by very specific, well-defined rules, which we call cascades.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-09-14 H. Nelson Crooks , Chigozie Nwoke

Conjugation coactions of the quantum general linear group on the algebra of quantum matrices have been introduced in an earlier paper and the coinvariants have been determined. In this paper the notion of orbit is considered via co-orbit…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2009-11-07 M. Domokos , R. Fioresi , T. H. Lenagan

The Collatz hypothesis is a theorem of the algorithmic theory of natural numbers. We prove the (algorithmic) formula that expresses the halting property of Collatz algorithm. The observation that Collatz's theorem cannot be proved in any…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Grażyna Mirkowska , Andrzej Salwicki

We study an analogue of the Collatz map in the polynomial ring $R[x]$, where $R$ is an arbitrary commutative ring. We prove that if $R$ is of positive characteristic, then every polynomial in $R[x]$ is eventually periodic with respect to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-01 Angelot Behajaina , Elad Paran

In this paper we describe an algorithm for classifying orbits of vectors in Lorentzian lattices. The main point of this is that isomorphism classes of positive definite lattices in some genus often correspond to orbits of vectors in some…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 R. E. Borcherds

The Collatz Conjecture (also known as the 3x+1 Problem) proposes that the following algorithm will, after a certain number of iterations, always yield the number 1: given a natural number, multiply by three and add one if the number is odd,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-01-28 Matt Hohertz , Bahman Kalantari

The Collatz Conjecture's connection to dynamical systems opens it to a variety of techniques aimed at recurrence and density results. First, we turn to density results and strengthen the result of Terras through finding a strict rate of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-10-16 Idris Assani , Ethan Ebbighausen

It is shown that every Collatz sequence $C(s)$ consists only of same structured finite subsequences $C^h(s)$ for $s\equiv9\ (mod\ 12)$ or $C^t(s)$ for $s\equiv3,7\ (mod\ 12)$. For starting numbers of specific residue classes ($mod\…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-10-08 Mike Winkler

The Collatz conjecture is a famous math problem that was introduced by Lothar Collatz in 1937, and nobody has yet succeeded in proving or disproving it. In this article, I will analyze this problem with a new approach and I will discuss my…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-07-27 Danial Karami

In this paper, we will introduce an extension to the Collatz's conjecture. This conjecture may be seen as a general conjecture that unifies the Collatz one together with many other similar conjectures. For instance, we propose our new…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Abderrahman Bouhamidi

The Collatz function is defined as C(n) = n / 2 if n is even and C(n) = 3n + 1 if n is odd. The Collatz conjecture states that every sequence generated by the Collatz function ends with the cycle (4, 2, 1) after a finite number of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2014-10-28 Manfred Bork

An alternative computational approach to the Collatz (3n+1) conjecture is presented that may be theoretically capable of confirming the conjecture.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-07-25 Kevin P. Thompson

Computational problems concerning the orbit of a point under the action of a matrix group occur throughout computer science, including in program analysis, complexity theory, quantum computation, and automata theory. In many cases the focus…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Rida Ait El Manssour , George Kenison , Mahsa Shirmohammadi , Anton Varonka , James Worrell

I show here that there are three different kinds of iterations for the reduced Collatz algorithm; depending on whether the root of the number is odd or even. There is only one kind of iteration if the root is odd and two kinds if the root…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-10-28 Leonel Sternberg

We represent the generalized Collatz function with the recursive ruler function r(2n) = r(n) + 1 and r(2n + 1) = 1. We generate even-only and odd-only Collatz subsequences that contain significantly fewer elements term by term, to 2 and 1,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-12-15 Robert Hill Nichols