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We review the history and status of the famous classification of extraterrestrial civilizations given by the great Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev, roughly half a century after it has been proposed. While Kardashev's…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-21 Milan M. Cirkovic

Motivated by recent developments impacting our view of Fermi's paradox (absence of extraterrestrials and their manifestations from our past light cone), we suggest a reassessment of the problem itself, as well as of strategies employed by…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-09-29 Milan M. Cirkovic , Robert J. Bradbury

We describe the framework and strategy of the \^G infrared search for extraterrestrial civilizations with large energy supplies, which will use the wide-field infrared surveys of WISE and Spitzer to search for these civilizations' waste…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 J. T. Wright , R. Griffith , S. Sigurðsson , M. S. Povich , B. Mullan

The history of astronomical discovery shows that many of the most detectable phenomena, especially detection firsts, are not typical members of their broader class, but rather rare, extreme cases with disproportionately large observational…

Popular Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 David Kipping

One of the most interesting questions that astronomy can hope to answer is: are we alone in our Milky Way galaxy? A detection of an electromagnetic (EM) signal generated by an extraterrestrial technological intelligence, or the presence in…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-01 B. Zuckerman

Temporal explanations to the Fermi paradox state that the vast scale of the galaxy diminishes the chances of establishing contact with an extraterrestrial technological civilization (ETC) within a certain time window. This argument is…

Popular Physics · Physics 2009-07-17 Carlos Cotta , Álvaro Morales

Applying a principle of "radical mundanity", this paper examines explanations for the lack of strong evidence for the presence of technology-using extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) in the Galaxy - the Fermi paradox. With this principle,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-02 Robin H. D. Corbet

Are we alone? It is a compelling question that human beings have confronted for centuries. The search for extraterrestrial life is a broad range of quests for finding simple forms of life up to intelligent beings in the Universe. The…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-01-10 Shant Baghram

This paper proposes a long term scheme for robotic exploration of the galaxy,and then considers the implications in terms of the `Fermi paradox' and our search for ETI. We discuss the parameter space of the `galactic ecology' of…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 Martin T. Barlow

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence by looking for signals from advanced technological civilizations has been ongoing for some decades. We suggest that it could possibly be made more efficient by focusing on stars from which the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2009-03-10 Shmuel Nussinov

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a scientific endeavor which struggles with unique issues -- a strong indeterminacy in what data to look for and when to do so. This has led to attempts at finding both fundamental…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Ian George , Xinan Chen , Lav R. Varshney

There have been periodic efforts in recent decades to search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), especially by trying to find an extraterrestrial (ET) radio signal or other technosignature in space. Yet, no such technosignatures have…

Popular Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Ross Davis

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) makes certain assumptions which guide all current search programs. To illustrate some, this includes (1) that interstellar flight is not possible (2) that the motivations of interstellar…

Popular Physics · Physics 2019-01-31 Kelvin F Long

We use a statistical model to investigate the detectability (defined by the requirement that they are in causal contact with us) of communicating civilizations within a volume of the universe surrounding our location. If the civilizations…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-31 Amedeo Balbi

The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) using radio telescopes is an area of research that is now more than 50 years old. Thus far, both targeted and wide-area surveys have yet to detect artificial signals from intelligent…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Michael A. Garrett

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has been heavily influenced by solutions to the Drake Equation, which returns an integer value for the number of communicating civilisations resident in the Milky Way, and by the Fermi…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 Duncan Forgan

The discovery of exoplanets has both focused and expanded the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The consideration of Earth as an exoplanet, the knowledge of the orbital parameters of individual exoplanets, and our new understanding…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-02-06 Jason T. Wright

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (ETI) is, historically, a search for aliens like us, inspired by human centric ideas of intelligence and technology. However, humans are not the only instance of an intelligent, communicating…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-11 Cameron Brooks , Estelle Janin , Gage Siebert , Cole Mathis , Orit Peleg , Sara Imari Walker

The lack of evidence for the existence of extraterrestrial life, even the simplest forms of animal life, makes it is difficult to decide whether the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is more a high-risk, high-payoff endeavor…

Popular Physics · Physics 2017-04-14 Claudio Grimaldi

We propose a search for sources of directed energy systems such as those now becoming technologically feasible on Earth. Recent advances in our own abilities allow us to foresee our own capability that will radically change our ability to…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-10-22 Philip Lubin
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