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Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a variation of supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances. In this paper, we state the MIL problem as learning the Bernoulli distribution of the bag label where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Maximilian Ilse , Jakub M. Tomczak , Max Welling

Traditional supervised learning tasks require a label for every instance in the training set, but in many real-world applications, labels are only available for collections (bags) of instances. This problem setting, known as multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georg Wölflein , Lucie Charlotte Magister , Pietro Liò , David J. Harrison , Ognjen Arandjelović

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances while the instance-level labels are not available. Training classifiers to accurately determine the bag label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Bin Li , Kevin W. Eliceiri

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is concerned with learning from sets (bags) of objects (instances), where the individual instance labels are ambiguous. In this setting, supervised learning cannot be applied directly. Often, specialized MIL…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-12-04 Veronika Cheplygina , David M. J. Tax , Marco Loog

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied to medical imaging diagnosis, where bag labels are known and instance labels inside bags are unknown. Traditional MIL assumes that instances in each bag are independent samples from a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Yunan Wu , Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

Weakly supervised instance labeling using only image-level labels, in lieu of expensive fine-grained pixel annotations, is crucial in several applications including medical image analysis. In contrast to conventional instance segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Satyananda Kashyap , Alexandros Karagyris

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in medical imaging classification to reduce the labeling effort. While only bag labels are available for training, one typically seeks predictions at both bag and instance levels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

A new multi-attention based method for solving the MIL problem (MAMIL), which takes into account the neighboring patches or instances of each analyzed patch in a bag, is proposed. In the method, one of the attention modules takes into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

In the supervised learning setting termed Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL), the examples are bags of instances, and the bag label is a function of the labels of its instances. Typically, this function is the Boolean OR. The learner observes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Sivan Sabato , Naftali Tishby

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) involves predicting a single label for a bag of instances, given positive or negative labels at bag-level, without accessing to label for each instance in the training phase. Since a positive bag contains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Beomjo Shin , Junsu Cho , Hwanjo Yu , Seungjin Choi

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

The Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) paradigm is attracting plenty of attention in medical imaging classification, where labeled data is scarce. MIL methods cast medical images as bags of instances (e.g. patches in whole slide images, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Multiple instance learning (MIL) problem is currently solved from either bag-classification or instance-classification perspective, both of which ignore important information contained in some instances and result in limited performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Mingzhi Yuan , Xinrong Chen , Manning Wang

In Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem for sequence data, the instances inside the bags are sequences. In some real world applications such as bioinformatics, comparing a random couple of sequences makes no sense. In fact, each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Manel Zoghlami , Sabeur Aridhi , Mondher Maddouri , Engelbert Mephu Nguifo

Multi-instance learning (MIL) deals with objects represented as bags of instances and can predict instance labels from bag-level supervision. However, significant performance gaps exist between instance-level MIL algorithms and supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Weijia Zhang , Xuanhui Zhang , Han-Wen Deng , Min-Ling Zhang

Multi-instance learning (MIL) deals with tasks where data is represented by a set of bags and each bag is described by a set of instances. Unlike standard supervised learning, only the bag labels are observed whereas the label for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Weijia Zhang , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a weakly-supervised problem in which one label is assigned to the whole bag of instances. An important class of MIL models is instance-based, where we first classify instances and then aggregate those…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-13 Łukasz Struski , Dawid Rymarczyk , Arkadiusz Lewicki , Robert Sabiniewicz , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

In many review classification applications, a fine-grained analysis of the reviews is desirable, because different segments (e.g., sentences) of a review may focus on different aspects of the entity in question. However, training supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Giannis Karamanolakis , Daniel Hsu , Luis Gravano

Multiple Instance learning (MIL) models have been extensively used in pathology to predict biomarkers and risk-stratify patients from gigapixel-sized images. Machine learning problems in medical imaging often deal with rare diseases, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Dinkar Juyal , Siddhant Shingi , Syed Ashar Javed , Harshith Padigela , Chintan Shah , Anand Sampat , Archit Khosla , John Abel , Amaro Taylor-Weiner
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