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Related papers: A Survey of Languages for Formalizing Mathematics

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The research in AI-based formal mathematical reasoning has shown an unstoppable growth trend. These studies have excelled in mathematical competitions like IMO and have made significant progress. This paper focuses on formal verification,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jialun Cao , Yaojie Lu , Meiziniu Li , Haoyang Ma , Haokun Li , Mengda He , Cheng Wen , Le Sun , Hongyu Zhang , Shengchao Qin , Shing-Chi Cheung , Cong Tian

In parallel to the ever-growing usage of mechanized proofs in diverse areas of mathematics and computer science, proof assistants are used more and more for education. This paper surveys previous work related to the use of proof assistants…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Frédéric Tran Minh , Laure Gonnord , Julien Narboux

In this paper we examine the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) for complex reasoning tasks. Although recent works have started to employ formal languages as an intermediate representation for reasoning tasks, they often face…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Shashank Kirtania , Priyanshu Gupta , Arjun Radhakirshna

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in leveraging Language Models (LMs), encompassing Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) and Large-scale Language Models (LLMs), within the domain of mathematics. This paper conducts a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Wentao Liu , Hanglei Hu , Jie Zhou , Yuyang Ding , Junsong Li , Jiayi Zeng , Mengliang He , Qin Chen , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Liang He

The goal of this project is to (i) accumulate annotated informal/formal mathematical corpora suitable for training semi-automated translation between informal and formal mathematics by statistical machine-translation methods, (ii) to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-15 Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban , Jiri Vyskocil , Herman Geuvers

As artificial intelligence (AI) gains greater adoption in a wide variety of applications, it has immense potential to contribute to mathematical discovery, by guiding conjecture generation, constructing counterexamples, assisting in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Hassen Saidi , Susmit Jha , Tuhin Sahai

Formal grammars are extensively used in Computer Science and related fields to study the rules which govern production of a language. The use of these grammars can be extended beyond mere language production. One possibility is to view…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-17 Abhinav Aggarwal

This document defines the mathematical backbone of the Statebox programming language. In the simplest way possible, Statebox can be seen as a clever way to tie together different theoretical structures to maximize their benefits and limit…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Statebox Team , Fabrizio Genovese , Jelle Herold

In this paper we share several experiments trying to automatically translate informal mathematics into formal mathematics. In our context informal mathematics refers to human-written mathematical sentences in the LaTeX format; and formal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-12-16 Qingxiang Wang , Chad Brown , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

The sequent calculus is a formalism for proving validity of statements formulated in First-Order Logic. It is routinely used in computer science modules on mathematical logic. Formal proofs in the sequent calculus are finite trees obtained…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Arno Ehle , Norbert Hundeshagen , Martin Lange

This paper is a reflexion on the computability of natural language semantics. It does not contain a new model or new results in the formal semantics of natural language: it is rather a computational analysis of the logical models and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-05-16 Richard Moot , Christian Retoré

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical propositions into verifiable formal representations, is a foundational task in automated theorem proving, offering a new perspective on the use of mathematics in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ke Weng , Lun Du , Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Haozhe Sun , Hengyu Liu , Tiancheng Zhang

Autoformalization is the task of automatically translating mathematical content written in natural language to a formal language expression. The growing language interpretation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), including in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Lan Zhang , Xin Quan , Andre Freitas

Formal software specification is known to enable early error detection and explicit invariants, yet it has seen limited industrial adoption due to its high notation overhead and the expertise required to use traditional formal languages.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Antonio Abu Nassar , Eitan Farchi

Recent work shows superior performance when using large language models (LLMs) as formalizers instead of as end-to-end solvers for symbolic reasoning problems. Given the problem description, the LLM generates a formal program that derives a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Rikhil Amonkar , Ceyhun Efe Kayan , Qimei Lai , Ronan Le Bras , Li Zhang

This paper investigates the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in formulating and solving decision-making problems using mathematical programming. We first conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman , Yasmeen Alslman , Dania Refai , Amro Saleh , Malik A. Abu Loha , Mohammad Yahya Hamed

Understanding and creating mathematics using natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - is a challenging and important problem for driving progress in machine learning. As a step in this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ronan Le Bras , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi , Kyunghyun Cho

Functional languages with strong static type systems have beneficial properties to help ensure program correctness and reliability. Surprisingly, their practical significance in applications is low relative to other languages lacking in…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-12-05 Johannes Emerich

We explore the use of expert iteration in the context of language modeling applied to formal mathematics. We show that at same compute budget, expert iteration, by which we mean proof search interleaved with learning, dramatically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Stanislas Polu , Jesse Michael Han , Kunhao Zheng , Mantas Baksys , Igor Babuschkin , Ilya Sutskever

Our research is part of a wider project that aims to investigate and reason about the correctness of scheme-based source code transformations of Erlang programs. In order to formally reason about the definition of a programming language and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Péter Bereczky , Dániel Horpácsi , Simon Thompson