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We announce a number of conjectures associated with and arising from a study of primes and irrationals in $\mathbb{R}$. All are supported by numerical verification to the extent possible.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-02-22 Angelo B. Mingarelli

We give a first-order definition of key polynomials, we show the links with previous definitions, that it is relevant to study key degrees, and to use a kind of valuations that we call partially multiplicative. We also prove or reprove…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2022-05-19 Gérard Leloup

The set of prime numbers has been analyzed, based on their algebraic and arithmetical structure. Here by obtaining a sort of linear formula for the set of prime numbers, they are redefined and identified; under a systematic procedure it has…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2014-12-30 Ramin Zahedi

This paper presents a new representation of natural numbers and discusses its consequences for computability and computational complexity. The paper argues that the introduction of the first Peano axiom in the traditional definition of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-04-14 Stefan Jaeger

These Course Notes provide an introduction to mathematical proofs for undergraduate students transitioning from computational calculus to abstract mathematics. Topics include propositional logic, proof techniques, mathematical induction,…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Heinz H. Bauschke

In standard quantum mechanics, complex numbers are used to describe the wavefunction. Although complex numbers have proven sufficient to predict the results of existing experiments, there is no apparent theoretical reason to choose them…

Natural numbers can be divided in two non-overlapping infinite sets, primes and composites, with composites factorizing into primes. Despite their apparent simplicity, the elucidation of the architecture of natural numbers with primes as…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-10-21 Guillermo Garcia-Perez , M. Angeles Serrano , Marian Boguna

One of the greatest difficulties encountered by all in their first proof intensive class is subtly assuming an unproven fact in a proof. The purpose of this note is to describe a specific instance where this can occur, namely in results…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2010-12-30 Steven J. Miller , Cesar E. Silva

We give a new sufficient condition which allows to test primality of Fermat's numbers. This characterization uses uniquely values at most equal to tested Fermat number. The robustness of this result is due to a strict use of elementary…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-04-13 Ahmed Bouzalmat , Ahmed Sani

This is a survey on propositional proof complexity aimed at introducing the basics of the field with a particular focus on a method known as feasible interpolation. This method is used to construct "hard theorems" for several proof systems…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Amirhossein Akbar Tabatabai

We investigate bicomplex analogues of fundamental notions from classical algebraic number theory. In particular, we show that the primitive element theorem admits a natural generalization to bicomplex extensions, giving rise to two distinct…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Hichem Gargoubi , Sayed Kossentini

We introduce a method for showing that there exist prime numbers which are very close together. The method depends on the level of distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions. Assuming the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture, we prove that…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 D. A. Goldston , J. Pintz , C. Y. Yildirim

Deep Neural Networks are widely used in academy as well as corporate and public applications, including safety critical applications such as health care and autonomous driving. The ability to explain their output is critical for safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Florian Eilers , Xiaoyi Jiang

In this paper, we define an ordering relation for a set of complex numbers, and research the properties and theorems of the ordering, solve some simple complex inequalities with the ordering.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2010-03-26 Sun Daochun , Gu Zhendong , Liu Weiqun , Yue Chao

The multiplicative theory of a set of numbers (which could be natural, integer, rational, real or complex numbers) is the first-order theory of the structure of that set with (solely) the multiplication operation (that set is taken to be…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-11-30 Saeed Salehi

This work is meant to demonstrate new class of prime numbers -- cyclic prime numbers, that can be derived from any prime number at certain numeric systems. Cyclic prime numbers are also related to the cyclic numbers and full reptend prime…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-05-11 Konstantin Kutsenko

In this paper, we develop a novel analytic method to prove the prime number theorem in de la Vall\'ee Poussin's form: $$ \pi(x)=\operatorname{li}(x)+\mathcal O(xe^{-c\sqrt{\log x}}) $$ Instead of performing asymptotic expansion on Chebyshev…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-13 Zihao Liu

This book introduces to the theory of probabilities from the beginning. Assuming that the reader possesses the normal mathematical level acquired at the end of the secondary school, we aim to equip him with a solid basis in probability…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-09-08 Gane Samb Lo , Aladji Babacar Niang , Lois Chinewendu Okereke

In the literature, we have various ways of proving irrationality of a real number. In this survey article, we shall emphasize on a particular criterion to prove irrationality. This is called nice approximation of a number by a sequence of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-06-28 Tirthankar Bhattacharyya , Soham Bakshi , Arka Das

The paper examines the construction of a course in mathematical analysis at a pedagogical university, aimed at developing the ability of future mathematics teachers to detect and solve problems related to finding proofs. Key words: teaching…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-03-20 Aslanbek Naziev , Irina Zemlyakova