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Secure communication makes the widespread use of telecommunication networks and services possible. With the constant progress of computing and mathematics, new cryptographic methods are being diligently developed. Quantum Key Distribution…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Emir Dervisevic , Amina Tankovic , Ehsan Fazel , Ramana Kompella , Peppino Fazio , Miroslav Voznak , Miralem Mehic

Quantum repeater networks that allow long-distance entanglement distribution will be the backbone of distributed quantum information processing. In this paper we explore entanglement distribution using quantum repeaters with optimized…

In recent years, quantum computing technologies have steadily matured and have begun to find practical applications across various domains. One important area is network communication security, where Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Abel C. H. Chen

Quantum Key Distribution~(QKD) is a technology that enables the exchange of private encryption keys between two legitimate parties, using protocols that involve quantum mechanics principles. The rate at which secret keys can be exchanged…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-19 Milo Grillo , Alexis A. Dowhuszko , Mohammad-Ali Khalighi , Jyri Hämäläinen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide secure key material between two parties without relying on assumptions about the computational power of an eavesdropper. QKD is performed over quantum links and quantum networks, systems which are…

Entanglement-based quantum links are the backbone of future quantum internet networks, enabling secure communication between distant cities. Realizing such networks requires addressing multiple practical challenges in long-distance quantum…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers provably secure, information-theoretic key exchange, but in long-distance scenarios without quantum repeaters, Trusted Nodes (TNs) are commonly employed despite introducing critical security risks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Sumit Chaudhary , Davide Li Calsi , JinHyeock Choi , Marc Geitz , Janis Nötzel

Quantum networks will rely on entanglement distribution to enable multi-user applications such as distributed quantum computing and cryptography. While multipartite entanglement distribution routing protocols have been extensively studied…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Jazz E. Z. Ooi , Evan Sutcliffe , Alejandra Beghelli

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Chuen Hei Chan , Charu Jain , Ezra Kissel , Wenji Wu , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou , Inder Monga

A feasible quantum key distribution (QKD) network scheme has been proposed with the wavelength routing. An apparatus called "quantum router", which is made up of many wavelength division multiplexers, can route the quantum signals without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tao Zhang , Zheng-Fu Han , Xiao-Fan Mo , Guang-Can Guo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an emerging cryptographic method designed for secure key sharing. Its security is theoretically guaranteed by fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, making it a leading candidate for future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Chia-Tso Lai

Secure long-distance communication in quantum key distribution (QKD) networks depends on trusted repeater nodes along the entire transmission path. Consequently, these nodes will be subject to strict auditing and certification in future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Stephan Krenn , Omid Mir , Thomas Lorünser , Sebastian Ramacher , Florian Wohner

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a key application in quantum communication, enabling secure key exchange between parties using quantum states. Twin-field (TF) QKD offers a promising solution that surpasses the repeaterless limits, and its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-28 Chunfeng Huang , Rui Guan , Xin Liu , Wenjie He , Shizhuo Li , Hao Liang , Ziyang Luo , Zhenrong Zhang , Wei Li , Kejin Wei

How to efficiently distribute entanglement over large-scale quantum networks is still an open problem that greatly depends on the technology considered. In this work, we consider quantum networks where each link is characterized by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Bruno C. Coutinho , Raul Monteiro , Luís Bugalho , Francisco A. Monteiro

Quantum key distribution (QKD) refers to specific quantum strategies which permit the secure distribution of a secret key between two parties that wish to communicate secretly. Quantum cryptography has proven unconditionally secure in ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-14 C. Rodó , O. Romero-Isart , K. Eckert , A. Sanpera

Quantum entanglement distribution between remote nodes is key to many promising quantum applications. Existing mechanisms have mainly focused on improving throughput and fidelity via entanglement routing or single-node scheduling. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Huayue Gu , Ruozhou Yu , Zhouyu Li , Xiaojian Wang , Fangtong Zhou

The rate and security of quantum communications between users placed at arbitrary points of a quantum communication network depend on the structure of the network, on its extension and on the nature of the communication channels. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-20 Lorenzo Cirigliano , Valentina Brosco , Claudio Castellano , Claudio Conti , Laura Pilozzi

Future quantum technologies such as quantum communication, quantum sensing, and distributed quantum computation, will rely on networks of shared entanglement between spatially separated nodes. In this work, we provide improved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-02 Stav Haldar , Pratik J. Barge , Sumeet Khatri , Hwang Lee

Transmitting unknown quantum states to distant locations is crucial for distributed quantum information protocols. The seminal quantum teleportation scheme achieves this feat while requiring prior maximal entanglement between the sender and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Arkaprabha Ghosal , Jatin Ghai , Tanmay Saha , Sibasish Ghosh , Mir Alimuddin

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security, but is limited by distance in optical networks, thereby requiring repeater nodes to extend coverage. Existing works usually assume all repeater nodes and associated Key…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Arup Kumar Marik , Basabdatta Palit , Sadananda Behera