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Deep speaker embedding has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in speaker recognition tasks. However, one potential issue with this approach is that the speaker vectors derived from deep embedding models tend to be non-Gaussian for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-03 Yunqi Cai , Lantian Li , Dong Wang , Andrew Abel

State-of-the-art speaker recognition systems comprise a speaker embedding front-end followed by a probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) back-end. The effectiveness of these components relies on the availability of a large amount…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-26 Qiongqiong Wang , Koji Okabe , Kong Aik Lee , Takafumi Koshinaka

Probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) is commonly used in speaker verification systems to score the similarity of speaker embeddings. Recent studies improved the performance of PLDA in domain-matched conditions by diagonalizing…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Zhiyuan Peng , Mingjie Shao , Xuanji He , Xu Li , Tan Lee , Ke Ding , Guanglu Wan

We introduce Deep Linear Discriminant Analysis (DeepLDA) which learns linearly separable latent representations in an end-to-end fashion. Classic LDA extracts features which preserve class separability and is used for dimensionality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Matthias Dorfer , Rainer Kelz , Gerhard Widmer

In this paper, we address the problem of speaker verification in conditions unseen or unknown during development. A standard method for speaker verification consists of extracting speaker embeddings with a deep neural network and processing…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Luciana Ferrer , Mitchell McLaren , Niko Brummer

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a fundamental classification and dimension reduction method that achieves Bayes optimality under Gaussian mixture, but often struggles in high-dimensional settings where the covariance matrix cannot be…

Computation · Statistics 2026-04-06 Cencheng Shen , Yuexiao Dong

Embeddings in machine learning are low-dimensional representations of complex input patterns, with the property that simple geometric operations like Euclidean distances and dot products can be used for classification and comparison tasks.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-28 Niko Brummer , Anna Silnova , Lukas Burget , Themos Stafylakis

In this article we propose and validate an unsupervised probabilistic model, Gaussian Latent Dirichlet Allocation (GLDA), for the problem of discrete state discovery from repeated, multivariate psychophysiological samples collected from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Congyu Wu , Aaron Fisher , David Schnyer

This article presents a novel approach for learning domain-invariant speaker embeddings using Generative Adversarial Networks. The main idea is to confuse a domain discriminator so that is can't tell if embeddings are from the source or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-11-08 Gautam Bhattacharya , Joao Monteiro , Jahangir Alam , Patrick Kenny

State-of-the-art speaker recognition relays on models that need a large amount of training data. This models are successful in tasks like NIST SRE because there is sufficient data available. However, in real applications, we usually do not…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-11-25 Jesús Villalba

High-dimensional classification and feature selection tasks are ubiquitous with the recent advancement in data acquisition technology. In several application areas such as biology, genomics and proteomics, the data are often functional in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-30 W Yu , S Wade , H D Bondell , L Azizi

As a non-linear extension of the classic Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA), Deep Linear Discriminant Analysis(DLDA) replaces the original Categorical Cross Entropy(CCE) loss function with eigenvalue-based loss function to make a deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Wen Lu

Linear discriminant analysis improves class separability but struggles with non-linearly separable data. To overcome this, we introduce Deep Discriminant Analysis (DDA), which directly optimizes the Fisher criterion utilizing deep networks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Raül Pérez-Gonzalo , Andreas Espersen , Antonio Agudo

Deep speaker embedding has achieved state-of-the-art performance in speaker recognition. A potential problem of these embedded vectors (called `x-vectors') are not Gaussian, causing performance degradation with the famous PLDA back-end…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Yang Zhang , Lantian Li , Dong Wang

The standard state-of-the-art backend for text-independent speaker recognizers that use i-vectors or x-vectors, is Gaussian PLDA (G-PLDA), assisted by a Gaussianization step involving length normalization. G-PLDA can be trained with both…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-28 Anna Silnova , Niko Brummer , Daniel Garcia-Romero , David Snyder , Lukas Burget

We revisit Deep Linear Discriminant Analysis (Deep LDA) from a likelihood-based perspective. While classical LDA is a simple Gaussian model with linear decision boundaries, attaching an LDA head to a neural encoder raises the question of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-23 Maxat Tezekbayev , Arman Bolatov , Zhenisbek Assylbekov

This paper addresses classification problems with matrix-valued data, which commonly arise in applications such as neuroimaging and signal processing. Building on the assumption that the data from each class follows a matrix normal…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-18 Seungyeon Oh , Seongoh Park , Hoyoung Park

In multi-speaker applications is common to have pre-computed models from enrolled speakers. Using these models to identify the instances in which these speakers intervene in a recording is the task of speaker tracking. In this paper, we…

In speaker recognition, where speech segments are mapped to embeddings on the unit hypersphere, two scoring backends are commonly used, namely cosine scoring or PLDA. Both have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the context. Cosine…

State-of-the-art speaker recognition systems comprise an x-vector (or i-vector) speaker embedding front-end followed by a probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) backend. The effectiveness of these components relies on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Kong Aik Lee , Qiongqiong Wang , Takafumi Koshinaka