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To realize a market entry of autonomous vehicles in the foreseeable future, the behavior planning system will need to abide by the same rules that humans follow. Product liability cannot be enforced without a proper solution to the approval…

Runtime Verification (RV) refers to a family of techniques in which system executions are observed and confronted to formal specifications, with the aim of identifying faults. In Offline RV, observation is done in a first step and…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for enhancing the complex reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, prevailing paradigms typically rely on solitary rollout strategies where…

Complex mechanical systems such as vehicle powertrains are inherently subject to multiple nonlinearities and uncertainties arising from parametric variations. Modeling errors are therefore unavoidable, making the transfer of control systems…

Runtime verification is checking whether a system execution satisfies or violates a given correctness property. A procedure that automatically, and typically on the fly, verifies conformance of the system's behavior to the specified…

Runtime verification consists in observing and collecting the execution traces of a system and checking them against a specification, with the objective of raising an error when a trace does not satisfy the specification. We consider…

Autonomous and robotic systems are increasingly being trusted with sensitive activities with potentially serious consequences if that trust is broken. Runtime verification techniques present a natural source of inspiration for monitoring…

In recent years, machine learning technologies have gained immense popularity and are being used in a wide range of domains. However, due to the complexity associated with machine learning algorithms, it is a challenge to make it…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has gained increasing attraction in the academia and tech industry with launches to a variety of impactful applications and products. Although research is being actively conducted on many fronts (e.g., offline…

Runtime verification enables checking temporal logic specifications over individual execution traces and offers a scalable alternative to exhaustive formal verification. In practice, systems must satisfy dozens to hundreds of temporal…

This paper presents an application of specification based runtime verification techniques to control mobile robots in a reactive manner. In our case study, we develop a layered control architecture where runtime monitors constructed from…

Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs), achieving state-of-the-art performance on tasks with structured, verifiable answers. Applying…

We use runtime verification (RV) to check various specifications in a smart apartment. The specifications can be broken down into three types: behavioral correctness of the apartment sensors, detection of specific user activities (known as…

Since distributed software systems are ubiquitous, their correct functioning is crucially important. Static verification is possible in principle, but requires high expertise and effort which is not feasible in many eco-systems. Runtime…

This paper presents our findings for using activity modeling for simulation (validation), model checking (verification), and execution purposes. Each is needed to tackle system complexity and further research into behavioral modeling. We…

Verifiers--functions assigning rewards to agent behavior--have been key to AI progress in math, code, and games. However, extending gains to domains without clear-cut success criteria remains a challenge: while humans can recognize desired…

Runtime Verification (RV) is a lightweight formal technique in which program or system execution is monitored and analyzed, to check whether certain properties are satisfied or violated after a finite number of steps. The use of RV has led…

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is currently accepted as the standard for modeling (object-oriented) software, and its use is increasing in the aerospace industry. Verification and Validation of complex software developed according to UML…

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated notable promise in autonomous driving by offering the potential for multimodal reasoning through pretraining on extensive image-text pairs. However, adapting these models from broad web-scale…