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A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$. Lekkerkerker proved that the average number of summands for integers in $[F_n,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-10-27 Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

We prove connections between Zeckendorf decompositions and Benford's law. Recall that if we define the Fibonacci numbers by $F_1 = 1, F_2 = 2$ and $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$, every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of…

An interesting characterization of the Fibonacci numbers is that, if we write them as $F_1 = 1$, $F_2 = 2$, $F_3 = 3$, $F_4 = 5, ...$, then every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. This is…

Generalized Zeckendorf decompositions are expansions of integers as sums of elements of solutions to recurrence relations. The simplest cases are base-$b$ expansions, and the standard Zeckendorf decomposition uses the Fibonacci sequence.…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-05-17 Iddo Ben-Ari , Steven J. Miller

A natural generalization of base B expansions is Zeckendorf's Theorem: every integer can be uniquely written as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, with $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$ and $F_1=1, F_2=2$. If instead we allow the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-05-13 Philippe Demontigny , Thao Do , Archit Kulkarni , Steven J. Miller , Umang Varma

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$; Lekkerkerker proved that the average number of summands for integers in $[F_n,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-07-15 Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique representation as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Once this has been shown, it's natural to ask how many summands are needed. Using a continued fraction approach,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-08-20 Murat Kologlu , Gene Kopp , Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

We present a multidimensional generalization of Zeckendorf's Theorem (any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers) to a large family of linear recurrences. This extends work of Anderson and…

Zeckendorf's Theorem says that for all $k \geq 3$, every nonnegative integer has a unique $k$-Zeckendorf representation as a sum of distinct $k$-bonacci numbers, where no $k$ consecutive $k$-bonacci numbers are present in the…

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. We study the difference between the number of summands in the partition of two consecutive integers. In particular, let…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-30 Hung Viet Chu

Zeckendorf proved that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, and later researchers showed that the distribution of the number of summands needed for such decompositions of integers in…

Zeckendorf proved that any integer can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers, $F_n$. Using continued fractions, Lekkerkerker proved the average number of summands of an $m \in [F_n, F_{n+1})$ is essentially…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-02-27 Amanda Bower , Rachel Insoft , Shiyu Li , Steven J. Miller , Philip Tosteson

We consist of first presenting Zeckendorf Theorem with these two versions Fibonacci and Luca. In this document we obtain results on the generalized of the Zeckendorf theorem for Fibonacci numbers (multibonacci). Such results find…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-03-27 Rachid Chergui

Zeckendorf's theorem establishes a unique representation for positive integers as sums of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. This result has been generalized to Positive Linear Recurrence Sequences (PLRS), where key statistical properties,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Sajad Salami

Zeckendorf proved that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers $\{1,2,3,5,\dots\}$. This has been extended to many other recurrence relations $\{G_n\}$ (with their own notion of a legal…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-29 Ray Li , Steven J. Miller

Prempreesuk, Noppakaew, and Pongsriiam determined the Zeckendorf representation of the multiplicative inverse of $2$ modulo $F_n$, for every positive integer $n$ not divisible by $3$, where $F_n$ denotes the $n$th Fibonacci number. We…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-14 Gessica Alecci , Nadir Murru , Carlo Sanna

A positive linear recurrence sequence is of the form $H_{n+1} = c_1 H_n + \cdots + c_L H_{n+1-L}$ with each $c_i \ge 0$ and $c_1 c_L > 0$, with appropriately chosen initial conditions. There is a notion of a legal decomposition (roughly,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-19 Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson , Zhao Pan , Huanzhong Xu

Among other results, we establish, in a quantitative form, that any sufficiently large integer cannot simultaneously be divisible only by very small primes and have very few digits in its Zeckendorf representation.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-10 Yann Bugeaud

In this paper we classify the Zeckendorf expansions according to their digit blocks. It turns out that if we consider these digit blocks as labels on the Fibonacci tree, then the numbers ending with a given digit block in their Zeckendorf…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-15 Michel Dekking

Let $\beta=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$, $(a_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}^+}$ be a non-uniform morphic sequence involving the infinite Fibonacci word and $(\delta(n))_{n \in \mathbb{N}^+}$ be a positive sequence such that for all positive integers $n$,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-15 Shuo Li