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We discuss models that attempt to provide an explanation for the violation of Bell inequalities at a distance in terms of hidden influences. These models reproduce the quantum correlations in most situations, but are restricted to produce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-20 Valerio Scarani , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Antoine Suarez , Nicolas Gisin

We analyze quantum measurement and entanglement by solving the dynamics of stochastic amplitudes that propagate both forward and backward in time. The model allows simulation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen and Bell correlations, and reveals…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 M. D. Reid , P. D. Drummond

A Bell test can rule out local realistic models, and has potential applications in communications and information tasks. For example, a Bell inequality violation can certify the presence of intrinsic randomness in measurement outcomes,…

I have been arguing that quantum nonlocality, deeply entrenched in the present formalism of quantum mechanics and widely believed as a reality by physicists, is in fact absent. Spooky nonlocal state reduction is the most, and perhaps the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 C . S. Unnikrishnan

Bell's theorem proves that quantum theory is inconsistent with local physical models. It has propelled research in the foundations of quantum theory and quantum information science. As a fundamental feature of quantum theory, it impacts…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-06 Armin Tavakoli , Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens , Ming-Xing Luo , Marc-Olivier Renou

The theorem of Bell states that certain results of quantum mechanics violate inequalities that are valid for objective local random variables. We show that the inequalities of Bell are special cases of theorems found ten years earlier by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Karl Hess , Walter Philipp

The problem of computing the local hidden variable (LHV) value of a Bell inequality plays a central role in the study of quantum nonlocality. In particular, this problem is the first step towards characterizing the LHV polytope of a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-08 Dardo Goyeneche , Wojciech Bruzda , Ondřej Turek , Daniel Alsina , Karol Życzkowski

Usually the 'hidden variables' of Bell's theorem are supposed to describe the pair of Bell particles. Here a semantic shift is proposed, namely to attach the hidden variables to a stochastic medium or field in which the particles move. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-24 Louis Vervoort

Bell's theorem revealed that a local hidden-variable model cannot completely reproduce the quantum mechanical predictions. Bell's inequality provides an upper bound under the locality and reality assumptions that can be violated by…

General Physics · Physics 2024-02-26 Md. Manirul Ali

Bell inequalities follow from a set of seemingly natural assumptions about how to provide a causal model of a Bell experiment. In the face of their violation, two types of causal models that modify some of these assumptions have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-11 Patrick J. Daley , Kevin J. Resch , Robert W. Spekkens

An experiment is described which proves, using single photons only, that the standard hidden variables assumptions (commonly used to derive Bell inequalities) are inconsistent with quantum mechanics. The analysis is very simple and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-22 Arnold Neumaier

With Bell's inequalities one has a formal expression to show how essentially all local theories of natural phenomena that are formulated within the framework of realism may be tested using a simple experimental arrangement. For the case of…

General Physics · Physics 2017-03-30 Thomas Schürmann

It is widely accepted that the violation of Bell inequalities excludes local theories of the quantum realm. This paper presents a new derivation of the inequalities from non-trivial non-local theories and formulates a stronger Bell argument…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-06 Paul M. Näger

We introduce Bell inequalities based on covariance, one of the most common measures of correlation. Explicit examples are discussed, and violations in quantum theory are demonstrated. A crucial feature of these covariance Bell inequalities…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-27 Victor Pozsgay , Flavien Hirsch , Cyril Branciard , Nicolas Brunner

Explaining observations in terms of causes and effects is central to all of empirical science. Correlations between entangled quantum particles, however, seem to defy such an explanation. To recover a causal picture in this case, some of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-05 M. Ringbauer , C. Giarmatzi , R. Chaves , F. Costa , A. G. White , A. Fedrizzi

In contrast to the intuitively plausible assumption of local realism, entangled particles, even when isolated, are not allowed to possess definite properties in their own right, as quantitatively expressed by violations of Bell's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Savasta , O. DiStefano , R. Girlanda

Bell's Theorem rules out many potential reformulations of quantum mechanics, but within a generalized framework, it does not exclude all "locally-mediated" models. Such models describe the correlations between entangled particles as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-27 K. B. Wharton , N. Argaman

The difference between ideal experiments to test Bell's weak nonlocality and the real experiments leads to loopholes. Ideal experiments involve either inequalities (Bell) or equalities (Greenberger, Horne, Zeilinger). Every real experiment…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Roberto M. Basoalto , Ian C. Percival

Bell's [Physics 1 (1964) 195-200] theorem is popularly supposed to establish the nonlocality of quantum physics. Violation of Bell's inequality in experiments such as that of Aspect, Dalibard and Roger [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 (1982) 1804-1807]…

Applications · Statistics 2015-02-02 Richard D. Gill

Bell nonlocality is an intriguing property of quantum mechanics with far reaching consequences for information processing, philosophy and our fundamental understanding of nature. However, nonlocality is a statement about static correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Nick von Selzam , Florian Marquardt