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Background: Computational models of speech recognition often assume that the set of target words is already given. This implies that these models do not learn to recognise speech from scratch without prior knowledge and explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Danny Merkx , Sebastiaan Scholten , Stefan L. Frank , Mirjam Ernestus , Odette Scharenborg

An important challenge in emotion recognition is to develop methods that can leverage unlabeled training data. In this paper, we propose the VQ-MAE-AV model, a self-supervised multimodal model that leverages masked autoencoders to learn…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Samir Sadok , Simon Leglaive , Renaud Séguier

Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) are fundamental to modern generative modeling, yet they often suffer from training instability and "codebook collapse" due to the inherent coupling of representation learning and discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Linwei Zhai , Han Ding , Mingzhi Lin , Cui Zhao , Fei Wang , Ge Wang , Wang Zhi , Wei Xi

Vector quantization (VQ) transforms continuous image features into discrete representations, providing compressed, tokenized inputs for generative models. However, VQ-based frameworks suffer from several issues, such as non-smooth latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Xing Hu , Qiang Wu , Dawei Yang

Recent success in speech representation learning enables a new way to leverage unlabeled data to train speech recognition model. In speech representation learning, a large amount of unlabeled data is used in a self-supervised manner to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-15 Shaoshi Ling , Yuzong Liu

Recent years have seen remarkable progress in speech emotion recognition (SER), thanks to advances in deep learning techniques. However, the limited availability of labeled data remains a significant challenge in the field. Self-supervised…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Samir Sadok , Simon Leglaive , Renaud Séguier

Autoregressive Predictive Coding (APC), as a self-supervised objective, has enjoyed success in learning representations from large amounts of unlabeled data, and the learned representations are rich for many downstream tasks. However, the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Yu-An Chung , Hao Tang , James Glass

Sign language datasets are often not representative in terms of vocabulary, underscoring the need for models that generalize to unseen signs. Vector quantization is a promising approach for learning discrete, token-like representations, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Lee Kezar , Zed Sehyr , Jesse Thomason

In this paper, we report our submitted system for the ZeroSpeech 2020 challenge on Track 2019. The main theme in this challenge is to build a speech synthesizer without any textual information or phonetic labels. In order to tackle those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Andros Tjandra , Sakriani Sakti , Satoshi Nakamura

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a method for discretizing latent representations and has become a major part of the deep learning toolkit. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that discretization of representations leads to improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Dianbo Liu , Alex Lamb , Xu Ji , Pascal Notsawo , Mike Mozer , Yoshua Bengio , Kenji Kawaguchi

Human speech conveys prosody, linguistic content, and speaker identity. This article investigates a novel speaker anonymization approach using an end-to-end network based on a Vector-Quantized Variational Auto-Encoder (VQ-VAE) to deal with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Sotheara Leang , Anderson Augusma , Eric Castelli , Frédérique Letué , Sethserey Sam , Dominique Vaufreydaz

We present a new approach to disentangle speaker voice and phone content by introducing new components to the VQ-VAE architecture for speech synthesis. The original VQ-VAE does not generalize well to unseen speakers or content. To alleviate…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-11 Jennifer Williams , Yi Zhao , Erica Cooper , Junichi Yamagishi

One-shot voice conversion (VC), which performs conversion across arbitrary speakers with only a single target-speaker utterance for reference, can be effectively achieved by speech representation disentanglement. Existing work generally…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-22 Disong Wang , Liqun Deng , Yu Ting Yeung , Xiao Chen , Xunying Liu , Helen Meng

One noted issue of vector-quantized variational autoencoder (VQ-VAE) is that the learned discrete representation uses only a fraction of the full capacity of the codebook, also known as codebook collapse. We hypothesize that the training…

Recent advancements in learning Discrete Representations as opposed to continuous ones have led to state of art results in tasks that involve Language, Audio and Vision. Some latent factors such as words, phonemes and shapes are better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Iordanis Fostiropoulos

This paper presents the description of our submitted system for Voice Conversion Challenge (VCC) 2020 with vector-quantization variational autoencoder (VQ-VAE) with WaveNet as the decoder, i.e., VQ-VAE-WaveNet. VQ-VAE-WaveNet is a…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Haitong Zhang

Generally speaking, the main objective when training a neural speech synthesis system is to synthesize natural and expressive speech from the output layer of the neural network without much attention given to the hidden layers. However, by…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Hieu-Thi Luong , Junichi Yamagishi

Deep neural networks with discrete latent variables offer the promise of better symbolic reasoning, and learning abstractions that are more useful to new tasks. There has been a surge in interest in discrete latent variable models, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Aurko Roy , Ashish Vaswani , Arvind Neelakantan , Niki Parmar

Built upon vector quantization (VQ), discrete audio codec models have achieved great success in audio compression and auto-regressive audio generation. However, existing models face substantial challenges in perceptual quality and signal…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-20 Zhikang Niu , Sanyuan Chen , Long Zhou , Ziyang Ma , Xie Chen , Shujie Liu

Recently end-to-end neural audio/speech coding has shown its great potential to outperform traditional signal analysis based audio codecs. This is mostly achieved by following the VQ-VAE paradigm where blind features are learned,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu