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The third generation partnership project (3GPP) has recently defined two frequency bands for direct access with satellites, which is a concrete step toward realizing the anticipated space-air-ground integrated networks. In addition, given…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Zaid Abdullah , Eva Lagunas , Steven Kisseleff , Frank Zeppenfeldt , Symeon Chatzinotas

As a key complement to terrestrial networks and a fundamental component of future 6G systems, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are expected to provide high-quality communication services when integrated with ground-based…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Zixuan Song , Zhishu Shen , Xiaoyu Zheng , Qiushi Zheng , Zheng Lei , Jiong Jin

3GPP is finalising the first release of the 5G New Radio physical layer. To cope with the demanding 5G requirements on global connectivity and large throughput, Satellite Communications might be a valuable resource to extend and complement…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Alessandro Guidotti , Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli , Oltjon Kodheli , Giulio Colavolpe , Tommaso Foggi

Recent breakthroughs in technology have led to a thriving "new space" culture in low-Earth orbit (LEO) in which performance and cost considerations dominate over resilience and reliability as mission goals. These advances create a manifold…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns , Eduardo Cruz , Alastair Isaacs , Zhana Imbrosh

In recent years, the number of satellites in orbit has increased rapidly, with megaconstellations like Starlink providing near-global, delay-sensitive communication services. However, not all satellite communication use cases have stringent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Ethan Fettes , Pablo G. Madoery , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Gunes Karabulut Kurt , Abhishek Naik , Stéphane Martel

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have become vital in emerging commercial and defense Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs). However, their predictable orbital dynamics and exposed geometries make them highly susceptible to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-09 Shizhen Jia , Mingjun Ying , Marco Mezzavilla , Theodore S. Rappaport , Sundeep Rangan

The next frontier towards truly ubiquitous connectivity is the use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) small-satellite constellations to support 5G and Beyond-5G (B5G) networks. Besides enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and massive machine-type…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Beatriz Soret , Maik Röper , Dirk Wübben , Bho Matthiesen , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

Digital connectivity has become the foundation of prosperity and an essential need for functioning societies. Despite this dependence, limitation on Internet access remains a prevalent issue, largely hinged on socioeconomic and geographic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Bassel Al Homssi , Akram Al-Hourani , Ke Wang , Phillip Conder , Sithamparanathan Kandeepan , Jinho Choi , Ben Allen , Ben Moores

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, as a prominent technology in the 6G non-terrestrial network, offer both positioning and communication capabilities. While these two applications have each been extensively studied and have achieved…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-03 Jie Ma , Pinjun Zheng , Xing Liu , Yuchen Zhang , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

This paper studies Federated Learning (FL) in low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, where satellites are connected via intra-orbit inter-satellite links (ISLs) to their neighboring satellites. During the FL training process,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-22 Nasrin Razmi , Sourav Mukherjee , Bho Matthiesen , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

LEO Satellite Networks (LSNs) are revolutionizing global connectivity, but their reliance on tens of thousands of satellites raises pressing concerns over sustainability and survivability. In this work, we argue that the inefficiencies in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chris Misa , Ramakrishnan Durairajan

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication is a promising solution for global wireless coverage, especially in underserved and remote areas. However, the high relative velocity of LEO satellites induces significant Doppler shifts that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Islam M. Tanash , Risto Wichman , Nuria Gonzalez-Prelcic

In this paper, we consider traffic offloading of integrated low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-terrestrial network. We first derive traffic offloading probability from the terrestrial network to the LEO satellite network based on the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Hossein Akhlaghpasand , Vahid Shah-Mansouri

Satellite missions demand ever greater connectivity, especially in the LEO regime. In this paper, we introduce the new mega-constellation services in space paradigm: we show that megaconstellations, deployed to offer innovative services to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 G. Maiolini Capez , M. A. Caceres , C. P. Bridges , S. Frey , R. Armellin , R. Garello , P. Bargellini

Satellite communication by leveraging the use of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites is expected to play an essential role in future communication systems through providing ubiquitous and continuous wireless connectivity. This thus has…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Jingwei Zhang , Dali Qin , Chuili Kong , Feiran Zhao , Rong Li , Jun Wang , Ye Wang

Integrating contention-based random access procedures into low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SatCom) systems poses new challenges, including long propagation delays, large Doppler shifts, and a large number of simultaneous…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-27 Hyunwoo Lee , Ian P. Roberts , Jinkyo Jeong , Daesik Hong

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks have evolved into mega-constellations with hundreds to thousands of satellites inter-connecting with inter-satellite links (ISLs). Network planning, which plans for network resources…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Sheng Cen , Qiying Pan , Yifei Zhu , Bo Li

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) employ inter-satellite links (ISLs) to reduce dependency on ground stations, enabling precise ranging and communication across satellites. Beyond their traditional role, ISLs can support extended…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Huan Yan , Juan A. Fraire , Ziqi Yang , Kanglian Zhao , Wenfeng Li , Xiyun Hou , Haohan Li , Yuxuan Miao , Jinjun Zheng , Chengbin Kang , Huichao Zhou , Xinuo Chang , Lu Wang

Traditional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) immunity to interference may be approaching a practical performance ceiling. Greater gains are possible outside traditional GNSS orbits and spectrum. GNSS from low Earth orbit (LEO) has…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-15 Peter A. Iannucci , Todd E. Humphreys

Integrated communications and localization (ICAL) will play an important part in future sixth generation (6G) networks for the realization of Internet of Everything (IoE) to support both global communications and seamless localization.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Li You , Xiaoyu Qiang , Yongxiang Zhu , Fan Jiang , Christos G. Tsinos , Wenjin Wang , Henk Wymeersch , Xiqi Gao , Björn Ottersten