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Intracellular protein patterns govern essential cellular functions by dynamically redistributing proteins between membrane-bound and cytosolic states, conserving their total numbers. This review presents a theoretical framework for…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Erwin Frey , Henrik Weyer

Turing theory of pattern formation is among the most popular theoretical means to account for the variety of spatio-temporal structures observed in Nature and, for this reason, finds applications in many different fields. While Turing…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2025-10-22 Riccardo Muolo , Luca Gallo , Vito Latora , Mattia Frasca , Timoteo Carletti

The theory of patterns formation for a reaction-diffusion system defined on a multiplex is developed by means of a perturbative approach. The intra-layer diffusion constants act as small parameter in the expansion and the unperturbed state…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-22 Malbor Asllani , Daniel M. Busiello , Timoteo Carletti , Duccio Fanelli , Gwendoline Planchon

Patterns are ubiquitous in nature, but how they form is often unclear. Turing developed a seminal theory to explain patterns based on reactions that counteract the equalizing tendency of diffusion. These reactions require continuous energy…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-11-24 Cathelijne ter Burg , David Zwicker

Turing's mechanism is often invoked to explain periodic patterns in nature, although direct experimental support is scarce. Turing patterns form in reaction-diffusion systems when the activating species diffuse much slower than the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-03-15 Lucas Menou , Chengjie Luo , David Zwicker

Alan Turing's work in Morphogenesis has received wide attention during the past 60 years. The central idea behind his theory is that two chemically interacting diffusible substances are able to generate stable spatial patterns, provided…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2014-07-29 Tatiana T. Marquez-Lago , Pablo Padilla

We investigate Turing instability and pattern formation in two-dimensional domains for two reaction-diffusion models, obtained as diffusive limits of kinetic equations for mixtures of monatomic and polyatomic gases. The first model is of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Stefano Boccelli , Giorgio Martalò , Romina Travaglini

Turing's theory of pattern formation is a universal model for self-organization, applicable to many systems in physics, chemistry and biology. Essential properties of a Turing system, such as the conditions for the existence of patterns and…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2018-08-02 Xavier Diego , Luciano Marcon , Patrick Müller , James Sharpe

To investigate novel aspects of pattern formation in spin systems, we use a mapping between reactive concentrations in a reaction-diffusion system and spin orientations in a dynamic multiple-spin Ising model. While pattern formation in…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2019-10-15 Mélody Merle , Laura Messio , Julien Mozziconacci

Self-organization, the ability of a system of microscopically interacting entities to shape macroscopically ordered structures, is ubiquitous in Nature. Spatio-temporal patterns are abundantly observed in a large plethora of applications,…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2019-06-17 Malbor Asllani , Timoteo Carletti , Duccio Fanelli , Philip K. Maini

The Turing mechanism describes the emergence of spatial patterns due to spontaneous symmetry breaking in reaction-diffusion processes and underlies many developmental processes. Identifying Turing mechanisms in biological systems defines a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-20 David Schnörr , Christoph Schnörr

Reaction-diffusion (Turing) systems are fundamental to the formation of spatial patterns in nature and engineering. These systems are governed by a set of non-linear partial differential equations containing parameters that determine the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jordon Kho , Winston Koh , Jian Cheng Wong , Pao-Hsiung Chiu , Chin Chun Ooi

Collective organisation of patterns into ring-like configurations has been well-studied when patterns are subject to either weak or semi-strong interactions. However, little is known numerically or analytically about their formation when…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Dan J. Hill , Jason J. Bramburger , David J. B. Lloyd

The study of pattern emergence together with exploration of the exemplar Turing model is enjoying a renaissance both from theoretical and experimental perspective. Here, we implement a stability analysis of spatially dependent reaction…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2019-11-06 Michal Kozák , Eamonn A Gaffney , Václav Klika

Accurate and robust spatial orders are ubiquitous in living systems. In 1952, Alan Turing proposed an elegant mechanism for pattern formation based on spontaneous breaking of the spatial translational symmetry in the underlying…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-07 Dongliang Zhang , Chenghao Zhang , Qi Ouyang , Yuhai Tu

Models of diffusion driven pattern formation that rely on the Turing mechanism are utilized in many areas of science. However, many such models suffer from the defect of requiring fine tuning of parameters or an unrealistic separation of…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2015-03-17 Thomas Butler , Nigel Goldenfeld

Turing patterns are a central paradigm for describing spatial patterns in nature. The corresponding theory of reaction-diffusion dynamics combines ideal diffusion with nonlinear reactions, resulting in patterns when species diffuse at…

Biological Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Cathelijne ter Burg , David Zwicker

The problem of pattern formation in a generic two species reaction--diffusion model is studied, under the hypothesis that only one species can diffuse. For such a system, the classical Turing instability cannot take place. At variance, by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-09-16 Laura Cantini , Claudia Cianci , Duccio Fanelli , Emma Massi , Luigi Barletti

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the spontaneous generation of self-organized patterns, hypothesised to play a role in the formation of many of the magnificent patterns observed in Nature. In several cases of interest, the…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2025-10-22 Riccardo Muolo , Malbor Asllani , Duccio Fanelli , Philip K. Maini , Timoteo Carletti

We explore a mechanism of pattern formation arising in processes described by a system of a single reaction-diffusion equation coupled with ordinary differential equations. Such systems of equations arise from the modeling of interactions…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-07-15 Steffen Härting , Anna Marciniak-Czochra
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