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The foundations of deep learning are supported by the seemingly opposing perspectives of approximation or learning theory. The former advocates for large/expressive models that need not generalize, while the latter considers classes that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Ruiyang Hong , Anastasis Kratsios

The first provably efficient algorithm for learning graph neural networks (GNNs) with one hidden layer for node information convolution is provided in this paper. Two types of GNNs are investigated, depending on whether labels are attached…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Qunwei Li , Shaofeng Zou , Wenliang Zhong

A wide variety of activation functions have been proposed for neural networks. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is especially popular today. There are many practical reasons that motivate the use of the ReLU. This paper provides new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-19 Rahul Parhi , Robert D. Nowak

Understanding what graph neural networks can learn, especially their ability to learn to execute algorithms, remains a central theoretical challenge. In this work, we prove exact learnability results for graph algorithms under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Muhammad Fetrat Qharabagh , Artur Back de Luca , George Giapitzakis , Kimon Fountoulakis

Neural networks are known for their ability to approximate smooth functions, yet they fail to generalize perfectly to unseen inputs when trained on discrete operations. Such operations lie at the heart of algorithmic tasks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Artur Back de Luca , George Giapitzakis , Kimon Fountoulakis

Recent papers on the theory of representation learning has shown the importance of a quantity called diversity when generalizing from a set of source tasks to a target task. Most of these papers assume that the function mapping shared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-01 Ziping Xu , Ambuj Tewari

This paper studies the generalization properties of a recently proposed kernel method, the Random Feature models with Learnable Activation Functions (RFLAF). By applying a data-dependent sampling scheme for generating features, we provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Zailin Ma , Jiansheng Yang , Yaodong Yang

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) powered by neural net approximation of the Q function has had enormous empirical success. While the theory of RL has traditionally focused on linear function approximation (or eluder dimension) approaches,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Baihe Huang , Kaixuan Huang , Sham M. Kakade , Jason D. Lee , Qi Lei , Runzhe Wang , Jiaqi Yang

To understand learning the dynamics of deep ReLU networks, we investigate the dynamic system of gradient flow $w(t)$ by decomposing it to magnitude $w(t)$ and angle $\phi(t):= \pi - \theta(t) $ components. In particular, for multi-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Sangmin Lee , Byeongsu Sim , Jong Chul Ye

In this paper, we study the generalization ability of the wide residual network on $\mathbb{S}^{d-1}$ with the ReLU activation function. We first show that as the width $m\rightarrow\infty$, the residual network kernel (RNK) uniformly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-31 Jianfa Lai , Zixiong Yu , Songtao Tian , Qian Lin

We study how neural networks trained by gradient descent extrapolate, i.e., what they learn outside the support of the training distribution. Previous works report mixed empirical results when extrapolating with neural networks: while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Keyulu Xu , Mozhi Zhang , Jingling Li , Simon S. Du , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Stefanie Jegelka

Recent findings suggest that consecutive layers of neural networks with the ReLU activation function \emph{fold} the input space during the learning process. While many works hint at this phenomenon, an approach to quantify the folding was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Michal Lewandowski , Bernhard Heinzl , Raphael Pisoni , Bernhard A. Moser

Multiplication layers are a key component in various influential neural network modules, including self-attention and hypernetwork layers. In this paper, we investigate the approximation capabilities of deep neural networks with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Ido Ben-Shaul , Tomer Galanti , Shai Dekel

Implicit deep learning has received increasing attention recently due to the fact that it generalizes the recursive prediction rules of many commonly used neural network architectures. Its prediction rule is provided implicitly based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Tianxiang Gao , Hailiang Liu , Jia Liu , Hridesh Rajan , Hongyang Gao

Understanding the asymptotic behavior of gradient-descent training of deep neural networks is essential for revealing inductive biases and improving network performance. We derive the infinite-time training limit of a mathematically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-08 Samuel Lippl , L. F. Abbott , SueYeon Chung

It is well-known that overparametrized neural networks trained using gradient-based methods quickly achieve small training error with appropriate hyperparameter settings. Recent papers have proved this statement theoretically for highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Abhishek Panigrahi , Abhishek Shetty , Navin Goyal

This paper explores the expressive power of deep neural networks for a diverse range of activation functions. An activation function set $\mathscr{A}$ is defined to encompass the majority of commonly used activation functions, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Shijun Zhang , Jianfeng Lu , Hongkai Zhao

In recent years, deep neural networks (DNNs) achieved unprecedented performance in many low-level vision tasks. However, state-of-the-art results are typically achieved by very deep networks, which can reach tens of layers with tens of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Idan Kligvasser , Tamar Rott Shaham , Tomer Michaeli

In this paper, we study the generalization performance of min $\ell_2$-norm overfitting solutions for the neural tangent kernel (NTK) model of a two-layer neural network with ReLU activation that has no bias term. We show that, depending on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Peizhong Ju , Xiaojun Lin , Ness B. Shroff

We propose and analyze a kernelized version of Q-learning. Although a kernel space is typically infinite-dimensional, extensive study has shown that generalization is only affected by the effective dimension of the data. We incorporate such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Shuang Liu , Hao Su