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Urdu toxic span detection remains limited because most existing systems rely on sentence-level classification and fail to identify the specific toxic spans within those text. It is further exacerbated by the multiple factors i.e. lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Inayat Arshad , Fajar Saleem , Ijaz Hussain

Contrary to popular belief, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) remains a challenging problem when text occurs in unconstrained environments, like natural scenes, due to geometrical distortions, complex backgrounds, and diverse fonts. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Marcin Namysl , Iuliu Konya

Converting images of Arabic text into plain text is a widely researched topic in academia and industry. However, recognition of Arabic handwritten and printed text presents difficult challenges due to the complex nature of variations of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Alhossien Waly , Bassant Tarek , Ali Feteha , Rewan Yehia , Gasser Amr , Walid Gomaa , Ahmed Fares

Assessing spoken language is challenging, and quantifying pronunciation metrics for machine learning models is even harder. However, for the Holy Quran, this task is simplified by the rigorous recitation rules (tajweed) established by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Abdullah Abdelfattah , Mahmoud I. Khalil , Hazem Abbas

Bridging linguistic gaps fosters global growth and cultural exchange. This study addresses the challenges of Roman Urdu -- a Latin-script adaptation of Urdu widely used in digital communication -- by creating a novel parallel dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Mohammed Furqan , Raahid Bin Khaja , Rayyan Habeeb

Handwritten character recognition is a challenging research in the field of document image analysis over many decades due to numerous reasons such as large writing styles variation, inherent noise in data, expansive applications it offers,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Noushath Shaffi , Faizal Hajamohideen

The ambition of a character recognition system is to transform a text document typed on paper into a digital format that can be manipulated by word processor software Unlike other languages, Arabic has unique features, while other language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2010-06-15 A. A Zaidan , B. B Zaidan , Hamid. A. Jalab , Hamdan. O. Alanazi , Rami Alnaqeib

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) plays a crucial role in digitizing historical and multilingual documents, yet OCR errors - imperfect extraction of text, including character insertion, deletion, and substitution can significantly impact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Bhawna Piryani , Jamshid Mozafari , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Antoine Doucet , Adam Jatowt

There are a countless number of fonts with various shapes and styles. In addition, there are many fonts that only have subtle differences in features. Due to this, font identification is a difficult task. In this paper, we propose a method…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Daichi Haraguchi , Shota Harada , Brian Kenji Iwana , Yuto Shinahara , Seiichi Uchida

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is a technology that offers comprehensive alphanumeric recognition of handwritten and printed characters at electronic speed by merely scanning the document. Recently, the understanding of visual data has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Atman Mishra , A. Sharath Ram , Kavyashree C

A large number of publications are available for the Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Significant researches, as well as articles are present for the Latin, Chinese and Japanese scripts. Arabic script is also one of mature script from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-12-16 Dil Nawaz Hakro , A. Z. Talib , Zeeshan Bhatti , G. N. Moja

Contemporary Quranic Orthography (CQO) relies on a precise system of phonetic notation that can be traced back to the early stages of Islam, when the Quran was mainly oral in nature and the first written renderings of it served as memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Alicia González Martínez

Cross-Lingual SynthDocs is a large-scale synthetic corpus designed to address the scarcity of Arabic resources for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Document Understanding (DU). The dataset comprises over 2.5 million of samples,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Haneen Al-Homoud , Asma Ibrahim , Murtadha Al-Jubran , Fahad Al-Otaibi , Yazeed Al-Harbi , Daulet Toibazar , Kesen Wang , Pedro J. Moreno

In this work we propose an OCR scheme for manuscripts printed in Rashi font that is an ancient Hebrew font and corresponding dialect used in religious Jewish literature, for more than 600 years. The proposed scheme utilizes a convolution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Shahar Mahpod , Yosi Keller

Recent progress in deep learning has led to the development of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems which perform remarkably well. Most research has been around recurrent networks as well as complex gated layers which make the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Kartik Chaudhary , Raghav Bali

Parsing is the process of analyzing a sentence's syntactic structure by breaking it down into its grammatical components. and is critical for various linguistic applications. Urdu is a low-resource, free word-order language and exhibits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Nudrat Habib

Recognition of Arabic characters is essential for natural language processing and computer vision fields. The need to recognize and classify the handwritten Arabic letters and characters are essentially required. In this paper, we present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Mahmoud Shams , Amira. A. Elsonbaty , Wael. Z. ElSawy

We present the largest publicly available synthetic OCR benchmark dataset for Indic languages. The collection contains a total of 90k images and their ground truth for 23 Indic languages. OCR model validation in Indic languages require a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Naresh Saini , Promodh Pinto , Aravinth Bheemaraj , Deepak Kumar , Dhiraj Daga , Saurabh Yadav , Srihari Nagaraj

In this paper, we introduce a model-based omnifont Persian OCR system. The system uses a set of 8 primitive elements as structural features for recognition. First, the scanned document is preprocessed. After normalizing the preprocessed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Azarakhsh Keipour , Mohammad Eshghi , Sina Mohammadzadeh Ghadikolaei , Negin Mohammadi , Shahab Ensafi

In order to accelerate the performance of various Natural Language Processing tasks for Roman Urdu, this paper for the very first time provides 3 neural word embeddings prepared using most widely used approaches namely Word2vec, FastText,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Faiza Memood , Muhammad Usman Ghani , Muhammad Ali Ibrahim , Rehab Shehzadi , Muhammad Nabeel Asim
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