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The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised important concerns about the factual reliability of their outputs, particularly in low-resource languages such as Urdu. Existing automated fact-checking systems are predominantly…

Ironic identification is a challenging task in Natural Language Processing, particularly when dealing with languages that differ in syntax and cultural context. In this work, we aim to detect irony in Urdu by translating an English Ironic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Fiaz Ahmad , Nisar Hussain , Amna Qasim , Momina Hafeez , Muhammad Usman Grigori Sidorov , Alexander Gelbukh

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) often provide suboptimal performance on low-resource languages like Urdu. This paper introduces UrduLLaMA 1.0, a model derived from the open-source Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct architecture and continually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Layba Fiaz , Munief Hassan Tahir , Sana Shams , Sarmad Hussain

This paper introduces UQA, a novel dataset for question answering and text comprehension in Urdu, a low-resource language with over 70 million native speakers. UQA is generated by translating the Stanford Question Answering Dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Samee Arif , Sualeha Farid , Awais Athar , Agha Ali Raza

There are many difficulties facing a handwritten Arabic recognition system such as unlimited variation in human handwriting, similarities of distinct character shapes, interconnections of neighbouring characters and their position in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-02-27 Ahmed Sahlol , Cheng Suen

With the increased use of the internet and social networks for online discussions, the spread of toxic and inappropriate content on social networking sites has also increased. Several studies have been conducted in different languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Ezzah Shoukat , Rabia Irfan , Iqra Basharat , Muhammad Ali Tahir , Sameen Shaukat

Urdu is a widely spoken language with 163 million speakers worldwide across the globe. Information Retrieval (IR) for Urdu entails special consideration of research community due to its rich morphological features and a large number of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Muntaha Iqbal , Kamran Amjad , Bilal Tahir , Muhammad Amir Mehmood

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a vital process that involves the extraction of handwritten or printed text from scanned or printed images, converting it into a format that can be understood and processed by machines. This enables…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem , Mohamed Mahmoud , Hyun-Soo Kang

This literature review surveys the advancements of keyword spotting (KWS) technologies, specifically focusing on Urdu, Pakistan's low-resource language (LRL), which has complex phonetics. Despite the global strides in speech technology,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Syed Muhammad Aqdas Rizvi

Arabic Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is essential for converting vast amounts of Arabic print media into digital formats. However, training modern OCR models, especially powerful vision-language models, is hampered by the lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Omer Nacar , Yasser Al-Habashi , Serry Sibaee , Adel Ammar , Wadii Boulila

Arabic text recognition is a challenging task because of the cursive nature of Arabic writing system, its joint writing scheme, the large number of ligatures and many other challenges. Deep Learning DL models achieved significant progress…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Mohammad Fasha , Bassam Hammo , Nadim Obeid , Jabir Widian

State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing algorithms rely heavily on efficient word segmentation. Urdu is amongst languages for which word segmentation is a complex task as it exhibits space omission as well as space insertion issues.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Haris Bin Zia , Agha Ali Raza , Awais Athar

Idiomatic translation remains a significant challenge in machine translation, especially for low resource languages such as Urdu, and has received limited prior attention. To advance research in this area, we introduce the first evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Muhammad Farmal Khan , Mousumi Akter

Kurdish libraries have many historical publications that were printed back in the early days when printing devices were brought to Kurdistan. Having a good Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to help process these publications and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Blnd Yaseen , Hossein Hassani

Multifarious intent detection predictors are developed for different languages, including English, Chinese and French, however, the field remains underdeveloped for Urdu, the 10th most spoken language. In the realm of well-known languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Faiza Hassan , Summra Saleem , Kashif Javed , Muhammad Nabeel Asim , Abdur Rehman , Andreas Dengel

This study provides Urdu poetry generated using different deep-learning techniques and algorithms. The data was collected through the Rekhta website, containing 1341 text files with several couplets. The data on poetry was not from any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Muhammad Shoaib Farooq , Ali Abbas

Digital text is increasing day by day on the internet. It is very challenging to classify a large and heterogeneous collection of data, which require improved information processing methods to organize text. To classify large size of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Taimoor Ahmed Javed , Waseem Shahzad , Umair Arshad

Optical Character Recognition is a technique that converts document images into searchable and editable text, making it a valuable tool for processing scanned documents. While the Farsi language stands as a prominent and official language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Fatemeh Asadi-zeydabadi , Ali Afkari-Fahandari , Amin Faraji , Elham Shabaninia , Hossein Nezamabadi-pour

Now a day computer is necessary for human being and it is very useful in many fields like search engine, text processing, short messaging services, voice chatting and text recognition. Since last many years there are many tools and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 H Muhammad Shakeel , Rashid Khan , Muhammad Waheed

Urdu, spoken by 230 million people worldwide, lacks dedicated transformer-based language models and curated corpora. While multilingual models provide limited Urdu support, they suffer from poor performance, high computational costs, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Syed Muhammad Ali , Hammad Sajid , Zainab Haider , Ali Muhammad Asad , Haya Fatima , Abdul Samad