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Explainable AI has emerged to be a key component for black-box machine learning approaches in domains with a high demand for reliability or transparency. Examples are medical assistant systems, and applications concerned with the General…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Johannes Rabold , Gesina Schwalbe , Ute Schmid

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities in math and coding, often bolstered by post-training on the chain-of-thoughts (CoTs) generated by stronger models. However, existing strategies for curating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Siqi Kou , Qingyuan Tian , Hanwen Xu , Zihao Zeng , Zhijie Deng

Saliency maps can explain a neural model's predictions by identifying important input features. They are difficult to interpret for laypeople, especially for instances with many features. In order to make them more accessible, we formalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Nils Feldhus , Leonhard Hennig , Maximilian Dustin Nasert , Christopher Ebert , Robert Schwarzenberg , Sebastian Möller

Saliency methods have been widely used to highlight important input features in model predictions. Most existing methods use backpropagation on a modified gradient function to generate saliency maps. Thus, noisy gradients can result in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Aya Abdelsalam Ismail , Héctor Corrada Bravo , Soheil Feizi

State of the art machine learning algorithms are highly optimized to provide the optimal prediction possible, naturally resulting in complex models. While these models often outperform simpler more interpretable models by order of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-24 Yotam Hechtlinger

Deep learning techniques are rapidly advanced recently, and becoming a necessity component for widespread systems. However, the inference process of deep learning is black-box, and not very suitable to safety-critical systems which must…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Hiroshi Kuwajima , Masayuki Tanaka , Masatoshi Okutomi

While a lot of research in explainable AI focuses on producing effective explanations, less work is devoted to the question of how people understand and interpret the explanation. In this work, we focus on this question through a study of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Hendrik Schuff , Alon Jacovi , Heike Adel , Yoav Goldberg , Ngoc Thang Vu

Research in both machine learning and psychology suggests that salient examples can help humans to interpret learning models. To this end, we take a novel look at black box interpretation of test predictions in terms of training examples.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-25 Rajiv Khanna , Been Kim , Joydeep Ghosh , Oluwasanmi Koyejo

In the era of digitalization, as individuals increasingly rely on digital platforms for communication and news consumption, various actors employ linguistic strategies to influence public perception. While models have become proficient at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Sina Abdidizaji , Md Kowsher , Niloofar Yousefi , Ivan Garibay

Deep Learning has become overly complicated and has enjoyed stellar success in solving several classical problems like image classification, object detection, etc. Several methods for explaining these decisions have been proposed. Black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Siddhant Agarwal , Owais Iqbal , Sree Aditya Buridi , Madda Manjusha , Abir Das

Transformer language models are state of the art in a multitude of NLP tasks. Despite these successes, their opaqueness remains problematic. Recent methods aiming to provide interpretability and explainability to black-box models primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Felix Friedrich , Patrick Schramowski , Christopher Tauchmann , Kristian Kersting

Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) and saliency maps have been recently used to explain the predictions of Deep Learning models, specifically in the domain of text classification. Given different attribution-based explanations to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Wenting Xiong , Iftitahu Ni'mah , Juan M. G. Huesca , Werner van Ipenburg , Jan Veldsink , Mykola Pechenizkiy

With the rapid adoption of machine learning systems in sensitive applications, there is an increasing need to make black-box models explainable. Often we want to identify an influential group of training samples in a particular test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Samyadeep Basu , Xuchen You , Soheil Feizi

Neural network models have achieved state-of-the-art performances in a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, a long-standing criticism against neural network models is the lack of interpretability, which not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Xiaofei Sun , Diyi Yang , Xiaoya Li , Tianwei Zhang , Yuxian Meng , Han Qiu , Guoyin Wang , Eduard Hovy , Jiwei Li

The rapid evolution of machine learning (ML) has led to the widespread adoption of complex "black box" models, such as deep neural networks and ensemble methods. These models exhibit exceptional predictive performance, making them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Ayah Barhrhouj , Julien Aligon

Machine learning systems such as large scale recommendation systems or natural language processing systems are usually trained on billions of training points and are associated with hundreds of billions or trillions of parameters. Improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Michael Kounavis , Ousmane Dia , Ilqar Ramazanli

Experimental methods for estimating the impacts of text on human evaluation have been widely used in the social sciences. However, researchers in experimental settings are usually limited to testing a small number of pre-specified text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Megan Ayers , Luke Sanford , Margaret Roberts , Eddie Yang

Deep learning models have been successful in many areas but understanding their behaviors still remains a black-box. Most prior explainable AI (XAI) approaches have focused on interpreting and explaining how models make predictions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Chaeri Kim , Jaeyeon Bae , Taehwan Kim

In Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), it is crucial to learn suitable reward models from human feedback to align large language models (LLMs) with human intentions. However, human feedback can often be noisy, inconsistent,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Taywon Min , Haeone Lee , Yongchan Kwon , Kimin Lee

We study the problem of explaining a rich class of behavioral properties of deep neural networks. Distinctively, our influence-directed explanations approach this problem by peering inside the network to identify neurons with high influence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Klas Leino , Shayak Sen , Anupam Datta , Matt Fredrikson , Linyi Li