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Related papers: Scaling Blockchains Without Giving up Decentraliza…

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This paper presents a comprehensive refutation of the so-called "blockchain trilemma," a widely cited but formally ungrounded claim asserting an inherent trade-off between decentralisation, security, and scalability in blockchain protocols.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Craig Wright

Blockchain design involves many tradeoffs, and much debate has focused on tradeoffs related to scaling parameters such as blocksize. To address some of the confusion around this subject, we present a probability proof of the DCS Triangle.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Greg Slepak , Anya Petrova

Decentralization, which has backed the hyper growth of many blockchains, comes at the cost of scalability. To understand this fundamental limitation, this paper proposes a quantitative measure of blockchain decentralization, and discusses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-09 Shumo Chu , Sophia Wang

The blockchain trilemma highlights the difficulty of simultaneously achieving a high degree of decentralization (DoD), scalability, and security in blockchain systems. While numerous constructs and metrics have been proposed to analyze…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Mansur Masama Aliyu , Niclas Kannengießer , Ali Sunyaev

Blockchains have become immensely popular and are high on the list of national and international research and innovation agenda's. This is partly caused by the numerous interesting applications, combined with the promise of full…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Maarten van Steen , Andrew Chien , Patrick Eugster

The so-called blockchain trilemma asserts the impossibility of simultaneously achieving scalability, security, and decentralisation within a single blockchain protocol. In this paper, we formally refute that proposition. Employing predicate…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Craig Wright

The vast majority of applications at this moment rely on centralized servers to relay messages between clients, where these servers are considered trusted third-parties. With the rise of blockchain technologies over the last few years,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Harry Halpin

This research critically analyses blockchain scaling solutions based on their ability to realistically balance the properties of the blockchain trilemma. We have concluded this research by outlining a gap in the current body of literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Frazer Chard , Cayo Fletcher-Smith

Sharding is the prevalent approach to breaking the trilemma of simultaneously achieving decentralization, security, and scalability in traditional blockchain systems, which are implemented as replicated state machines relying on atomic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Yizhong Liu , Jianwei Liu , Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles , Zongyang Zhang , Tong Li , Bin Hu , Fritz Henglein , Rongxing Lu

Existing blockchain systems scale poorly because of their distributed consensus protocols. Current attempts at improving blockchain scalability are limited to cryptocurrency. Scaling blockchain systems under general workloads (i.e.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Hung Dang , Tien Tuan Anh Dinh , Dumitrel Loghin , Ee-Chien Chang , Qian Lin , Beng Chin Ooi

Blockchain has become a popular emergent technology in many industries. It is suitable for a broad range of applications, from its base role as an immutable distributed ledger to the deployment of distributed applications. Many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Inwon Kang , Aparna Gupta , Oshani Seneviratne

Research in blockchain systems has mainly focused on improving security and bridging the performance gaps between blockchains and databases. Despite many promising results, we observe a worrying trend that the blockchain landscape is…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Tien Tuan Anh Dinh , Anwitaman Datta , Beng Chin Ooi

We propose a bitcoin generalization as a solution to the problem of scalability. The block is redefined as a sequence of sub-blocks of increasing sizes that coexist as different levels of compromise between decentralization and transactions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Santi J. Vives

Trust between entities in any scenario without a trusted third party is very difficult, and trust is exactly what blockchain aims to bring into the digital world with its basic features. Many applications are moving to blockchain adoption,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Stanly Wilson , Kwabena Adu-Duodu , Yinhao Li , Ellis Solaiman , Omer Rana , Rajiv Ranjan

Blockchain technology is affected by massive limitations in scalability with consequent repercussions on performance. This discussion aims at analyzing the state of the art of current available Layer II solutions to overcome these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Cosimo Sguanci , Roberto Spatafora , Andrea Mario Vergani

Blockchain eliminates the need for trusted third-party intermediaries in business by enabling decentralised architecture design in software applications. However, the vulnerabilities in on-chain autonomous decision-makings and cumbersome…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yue Liu , Qinghua Lu , Guangsheng Yu , Hye-Young Paik , Liming Zhu

Decentralization is a fundamental design element of the Web3 economy. Blockchains and distributed consensus mechanisms are touted as fault-tolerant, attack-resistant, and collusion-proof because they are decentralized. Recent analyses,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Harang Ju , Madhav Kumar , Ehsan Valavi , Sinan Aral

More than ten years ago the blockchain was acclaimed as the solution to overcome centralised trusted third parties for online payments. Through the years the crypto-movement changed and evolved, although decentralisation remained the core…

Blockchain adoption is reaching an all-time high, with a plethora of blockchain architectures being developed to cover the needs of applications eager to integrate blockchain into their operations. However, blockchain systems suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Georgios Diamantopoulos , Nikos Tziritas , Rami Bahsoon , Nan Zhang , Georgios Theodoropoulos

Blockchain is a novel technology that is rising a lot of interest in the industrial and re- search sectors because its properties of decentralisation, immutability and data integrity. Initially, the underlying consensus mechanism has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Stefano De Angelis
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