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The optimization of the matrix multiplication (or GEMM) has been a need during the last decades. This operation is considered the flagship of current linear algebra libraries such as BLIS, OpenBLAS, or Intel OneAPI because of its widespread…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Adrián Castelló , Julian Bellavita , Grace Dinh , Yuka Ikarashi , Héctor Martínez

Among ML operators today, GEneralMatrix Multiplication (GEMM)-based operators are known to be key operators that build the main backbone of ML models. As their computational overhead dominates the overall execution time (e.g., 42.8% - 96.6%…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Rachid Karami , Sheng-Chun Kao , Hyoukjun Kwon

The remarkable positive impact of Deep Neural Networks on many Artificial Intelligence (AI) tasks has led to the development of various high performance algorithms as well as specialized processors and accelerators. In this paper we address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Jie Lei , José Flich , Enrique S. Quintana-Ortí

General matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM) is a cornerstone of AI computations, making tensor processing engines (TPEs) increasingly critical in GPUs and domain-specific architectures. Existing architectures primarily optimize dataflow or…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Qizhe Wu , Huawen Liang , Yuchen Gui , Zhichen Zeng , Zerong He , Linfeng Tao , Xiaotian Wang , Letian Zhao , Zhaoxi Zeng , Wei Yuan , Wei Wu , Xi Jin

Hardware trends favor algorithm designs that maximize data reuse per FLOP. We develop and benchmark high-performance Multipole-to-Local (M2L) translation operators for the kernel-independent Fast Multipole Method (kiFMM), a widely adopted…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Srinath Kailasa , Timo Betcke , Sarah El Kazdadi

DL inference queries play an important role in diverse internet services and a large fraction of datacenter cycles are spent on processing DL inference queries. Specifically, the matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM) operations of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Benjamin Y. Cho , Jeageun Jung , Mattan Erez

Matrix multiplication (GEMM) is a core operation to numerous scientific applications. Traditional implementations of Strassen-like fast matrix multiplication (FMM) algorithms often do not perform well except for very large matrix sizes, due…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2016-11-04 Jianyu Huang , Leslie Rice , Devin A. Matthews , Robert A. van de Geijn

The kernel-independent fast multipole method (KIFMM) proposed in [1] is of almost linear complexity. In the original KIFMM the time-consuming M2L translations are accelerated by FFT. However, when more equivalent points are used to achieve…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Yanchuang Cao , Lihua Wen , Junjie Rong

GEneral Matrix Multiply (GEMM) is a central operation in deep learning and corresponds to the largest chunk of the compute footprint. Therefore, improving its efficiency is an active topic of ongoing research. A popular strategy is the use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Zhanpeng Zeng , Karthikeyan Sankaralingam , Vikas Singh

General-purpose processor vendors have integrated customized accelerator in their products due to the widespread use of General Matrix-Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) kernels. However, it remains a challenge to further improve the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Bingcai Sui , Junzhong Shen , Caixia Sun , Junhui Wang , Zhong Zheng , Wei Guo

The increasing complexity of transformer models in artificial intelligence expands their computational costs, memory usage, and energy consumption. Hardware acceleration tackles the ensuing challenges by designing processors and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Alireza Amirshahi , Giovanni Ansaloni , David Atienza

Mathematical operators whose transformation rules constitute the building blocks of a multi-linear algebra are widely used in physics and engineering applications where they are very often represented as tensors. In the last century, thanks…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2013-07-09 Edoardo Di Napoli , Diego Fabregat-Traver , Gregorio Quintana-Ortì , Paolo Bientinesi

Transpose convolution has shown prominence in many deep learning applications. However, transpose convolution layers are computationally intensive due to the increased feature map size due to adding zeros after each element in each row and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Vijay Srinivas Tida , Sai Venkatesh Chilukoti , Xiali Hei , Sonya Hsu

Hierarchical matrices provide a highly memory-efficient way of storing dense linear operators arising, for example, from boundary element methods, particularly when stored in the H^2 format. In such data-sparse representations, iterative…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-23 Sven Christophersen

An important linear algebra routine, GEneral Matrix Multiplication (GEMM), is a fundamental operator in deep learning. Compilers need to translate these routines into low-level code optimized for specific hardware. Compiler-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Huaqing Zhang , Xiaolin Cheng , Hui Zang , Dae Hoon Park

Deploying neural networks on constrained hardware platforms such as 32-bit microcontrollers is a challenging task because of the large memory, computing and energy requirements of their inference process. To tackle these issues, several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Baptiste Nguyen , Pierre-Alain Moellic , Sylvain Blayac

Large language models (LLMs) face significant inference latency due to inefficiencies in GEMM operations, weight access, and KV cache access, especially in real-time scenarios. This highlights the need for a versatile compute-memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Huizheng Wang , Zichuan Wang , Zhiheng Yue , Yousheng Long , Taiquan Wei , Jianxun Yang , Yang Wang , Chao Li , Shaojun Wei , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

State-of-the-art systolic array-based accelerators adopt the traditional im2col algorithm to accelerate the inference of convolutional layers. However, traditional im2col cannot efficiently support AI backpropagation. Backpropagation in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Jianchao Yang , Mei Wen , Junzhong Shen , Yasong Cao , Minjin Tang , Renyu Yang , Jiawei Fei , Chunyuan Zhang

CPU-based inference can be an alternative to off-chip accelerators, and vector architectures are a promising option due to their efficiency. However, the large design space of convolutional algorithms and hardware implementations makes it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Sonia Rani Gupta , Nikela Papadopoulou , Miquel Pericas

Convolution is a fundamental operation in many applications, such as computer vision, natural language processing, image processing, etc. Recent successes of convolutional neural networks in various deep learning applications put even…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-05-31 Xiaoming Chen , Jianxu Chen , Danny Z. Chen , Xiaobo Sharon Hu