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In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Erik Cambria , Lorenzo Malandri , Fabio Mercorio , Navid Nobani , Andrea Seveso

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains such as healthcare, law, and education, the demand for transparent, interpretable, and accountable AI systems becomes more urgent. Explainable AI (XAI) acts as a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Francisco Herrera

A central goal of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is to improve the trust relationship in human-AI interaction. One assumption underlying research in transparent AI systems is that explanations help to better assess predictions of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Felix Biessmann , Viktor Treu

In this paper, we investigate the practical relevance of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) with a special focus on the producing industries and relate them to the current state of academic XAI research. Our findings are based on an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Thomas Decker , Ralf Gross , Alexander Koebler , Michael Lebacher , Ronald Schnitzer , Stefan H. Weber

Machine learning models are increasingly being used in critical sectors, but their black-box nature has raised concerns about accountability and trust. The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) or explainable machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Ryan Zhou , Ting Hu

The advance of Machine Learning (ML) has led to a strong interest in this technology to support decision making. While complex ML models provide predictions that are often more accurate than those of traditional tools, such models often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Felix Haag , Konstantin Hopf , Pedro Menelau Vasconcelos , Thorsten Staake

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become increasingly significant for improving the interpretability and trustworthiness of machine learning models. While saliency maps have stolen the show for the last few years in the XAI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Antonin Poché , Lucas Hervier , Mohamed-Chafik Bakkay

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Majid Ghasemi , Amir Hossein Moosavi , Dariush Ebrahimi

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to help users to grasp the reasoning behind the predictions of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system. Many XAI approaches have emerged in recent years. Consequently, a subfield related to the…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents have been widely used to improve networking tasks. However, understanding the decisions made by these agents is essential for their broader adoption in networking and network management. To address this,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yeison Stiven Murcia , Oscar Mauricio Caicedo , Daniela Maria Casas , Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca

In recent years, deep learning has achieved unprecedented success in various computer vision tasks, particularly in object detection. However, the black-box nature and high complexity of deep neural networks pose significant challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 FatemehSadat Seyedmomeni , Mohammad Ali Keyvanrad

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly rec ognized as essential for deploying machine learning systems in safety critical environments. In Automatic Target Recognition (ATR), where models operate on image, video, radar,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Vanessa Buhrmester , David Muench , Dimitri Bulatov , Michael Arens

Learning from Demonstration (LfD) is a powerful type of machine learning that can allow novices to teach and program robots to complete various tasks. However, the learning process for these systems may still be difficult for novices to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Morris Gu , Elizabeth Croft , Dana Kulic

As computational systems supported by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques continue to play an increasingly pivotal role in making high-stakes recommendations and decisions across various domains, the demand for explainable AI (XAI) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Muhammad Suffian , Ulrike Kuhl , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

The nondeterminism of Deep Learning (DL) training algorithms and its influence on the explainability of neural network (NN) models are investigated in this work with the help of image classification examples. To discuss the issue, two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 A. -M. Leventi-Peetz , T. Östreich

Recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning in general have demonstrated remarkable performances in many tasks, from image processing to natural language processing, especially with the advent of deep learning. Along with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Erico Tjoa , Cuntai Guan

The field of drug discovery has experienced a remarkable transformation with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. However, as these AI and ML models are becoming more complex, there is a growing…

Both humans and machine learning models learn from experience, particularly in safety- and reliability-critical domains. While psychology seeks to understand human cognition, the field of Explainable AI (XAI) develops methods to interpret…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Roussel Rahman , Aashwin Ananda Mishra , Wan-Lin Hu

Last years have been characterized by an upsurge of opaque automatic decision support systems, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Although they have great generalization and prediction skills, their functioning does not allow obtaining…

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a set of tools and algorithms that applied or embedded to machine learning models to understand and interpret the models. They are recommended especially for complex or advanced models including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ahmed M Salih , Yuhe Wang
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