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This paper introduces a new set of large-scale benchmark instances for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The proposed XL set extends existing benchmarks by covering instances with 1,000 to 10,000 customers and a wide range of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Eduardo Queiroga , Rafael Martinelli , Anand Subramanian , Eduardo Uchoa , Thibaut Vidal

In this paper, we evaluate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to solve a classic combinatorial optimization problem: the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). We formalize this problem in the RL framework and compare two of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Leo Ardon

The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) extends the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) to reflect the growing use of electric and hybrid vehicles in logistics. Due to the variety of constraints considered in the literature,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 David Woller , Viktor Kozák , Miroslav Kulich , Libor Přeučil

This paper introduces the two-level capacitated vehicle routing problem (2S-CVRP). This problem combines the two-level bin packing problem and the vehicle routing problem into an integrated framework. The problem itself is an NP-hard…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-14 Congzheng Liu

Motivated by the promising advances of deep-reinforcement learning (DRL) applied to cooperative multi-agent systems we propose a model and learning procedure to solve the Capacitated Multi-Vehicle Routing Problem (CMVRP) with fixed fleet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Jose Manuel Vera , Andres G. Abad

Ising machines are expected to solve combinatorial optimization problems faster than the existing integer programming solvers. These problems, particularly those encountered in practical situations, typically involve inequality constraints.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-05 Hiroshi Kanai , Masashi Yamashita , Kotaro Tanahashi , Shu Tanaka

Complex real-life routing challenges can be modeled as variations of well-known combinatorial optimization problems. These routing problems have long been studied and are difficult to solve at scale. The particular setting may also make…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Marijn van Knippenberg , Mike Holenderski , Vlado Menkovski

Learning heuristics for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) has gained much attention due to the less reliance on hand-crafted rules. However, existing methods are typically trained and tested on the same task with a fixed size and distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is one of the most extensively studied problems in combinatorial optimization. Based on customer demand, we distinguish three variants of CVRP: unit-demand, splittable, and unsplittable. In…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jingyang Zhao , Mingyu Xiao

One of the most well-known problems in transportation and logistics is the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). It involves optimizing a set of truck routes to service a set of customers, subject to limits on truck capacity, to…

Despite the extensive research efforts and the remarkable results obtained on Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) by using algorithms proposed by the Machine Learning community that are partially or entirely based on data-driven analysis, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Luca Accorsi , Andrea Lodi , Daniele Vigo

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an NP-hard optimization problem that has been an interest of research for decades in science and industry. The objective is to plan routes of vehicles to deliver goods to a fixed number of customers with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is the combinatorial optimization problem of designing routes for vehicles to visit customers in such a fashion that a cost function, typically the number of vehicles, or the total travelled distance is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Martin Fabian , Knut Åkesson

In this paper, we present Approximation Schemes for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) on several classes of graphs. In CVRP, introduced by Dantzig and Ramser (1959), we are given a graph $G=(V,E)$ with metric edges costs, a depot…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Aditya Jayaprakash , Mohammad R. Salavatipour

We propose a brand-new formulation of capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO). The formulated CVRP is equipped with time-table which describes time-evolution of each vehicle.…

Metaheuristics are widely employed to solve hard optimization problems, like vehicle routing problems (VRP), for which exact solution methods are impractical. In particular, local search-based metaheuristics have been successfully applied…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-12 Vinícius R. Máximo , Mariá C. V. Nascimento

In the last decades, the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), i.e., assigning a set of orders to vehicles and planning their routes has been intensively researched. As only the assignment of order to vehicles and their routes is already…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Veronika Lesch , Maximilian König , Samuel Kounev , Anthony Stein , Christian Krupitzer

VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) is an NP hard problem, and it has attracted a lot of research interest. In contexts where vehicles have limited carrying capacity, such as volume and weight but needed to deliver items at various locations.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-22 Muhammad Wildan Abdul Hakim , Syarifah Rosita Dewi , Yurio Windiatmoko , Umar Abdul Aziz

Learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as the vehicle routing problem, offers great computational advantages over classical operations research solvers and heuristics. The recently developed deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Daniela Thyssens , Jonas Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

This paper deals with the Stochastic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (SCARP), obtained by randomizing quantities on the arcs in the CARP. Optimization problems for the SCARP are characterized by decisions that are made without knowing their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Fleury Gérard , Lacomme Philippe , Christian Prins