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Large Language Models (LLMs) have been reported to have strong performance on natural language processing tasks. However, performance metrics such as accuracy do not measure the quality of the model in terms of its ability to robustly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Emanuele La Malfa , Matthew Wicker , Marta Kwiatkowska

The prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs) for generating multilingual text and source code has only increased the imperative for machine-generated content detectors to be accurate and efficient across domains. Current detectors,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Shriyansh Agrawal , Aidan Lau , Sanyam Shah , Ahan M R , Kevin Zhu , Sunishchal Dev , Vasu Sharma

This study investigates how well computational embeddings align with human semantic judgments in the processing of English compound words. We compare static word vectors (GloVe) and contextualized embeddings (BERT) against human ratings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Swarang Joshi

Word embeddings carry stereotypical connotations from the text they are trained on, which can lead to invalid inferences in downstream models that rely on them. We use this observation to design a mechanism for measuring stereotypes using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Sunipa Dev , Tao Li , Jeff Phillips , Vivek Srikumar

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and ALBERT (A Lite BERT) are methods for pre-training language models which can later be fine-tuned for a variety of Natural Language Understanding tasks. These methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Diego de Vargas Feijo , Viviane Pereira Moreira

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and related pre-trained Transformers have provided large gains across many language understanding tasks, achieving a new state-of-the-art (SOTA). BERT is pre-trained on two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Michael Glass , Alfio Gliozzo , Rishav Chakravarti , Anthony Ferritto , Lin Pan , G P Shrivatsa Bhargav , Dinesh Garg , Avirup Sil

Recently, Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed an impressive progress in many areas, due to the advent of novel, pretrained contextual representation models. In particular, Devlin et al. (2019) proposed a model, called BERT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Debora Nozza , Federico Bianchi , Dirk Hovy

We investigate how Multilingual BERT (mBERT) encodes grammar by examining how the high-order grammatical feature of morphosyntactic alignment (how different languages define what counts as a "subject") is manifested across the embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Isabel Papadimitriou , Ethan A. Chi , Richard Futrell , Kyle Mahowald

Accurately interpreting words is vital in political science text analysis; some tasks require assuming semantic stability, while others aim to trace semantic shifts. Traditional static embeddings, like Word2Vec effectively capture long-term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Ruiyu Zhang , Lin Nie , Ce Zhao , Qingyang Chen

Language-brain encoding experiments evaluate the ability of language models to predict brain responses elicited by language stimuli. The evaluation scenarios for this task have not yet been standardized which makes it difficult to compare…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Lisa Beinborn , Samira Abnar , Rochelle Choenni

The way the words are used evolves through time, mirroring cultural or technological evolution of society. Semantic change detection is the task of detecting and analysing word evolution in textual data, even in short periods of time. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Matej Martinc , Syrielle Montariol , Elaine Zosa , Lidia Pivovarova

Large pre-trained sentence encoders like BERT start a new chapter in natural language processing. A common practice to apply pre-trained BERT to sequence classification tasks (e.g., classification of sentences or sentence pairs) is by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Wenxuan Zhou , Junyi Du , Xiang Ren

We propose BERMo, an architectural modification to BERT, which makes predictions based on a hierarchy of surface, syntactic and semantic language features. We use linear combination scheme proposed in Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Sangamesh Kodge , Kaushik Roy

Transformer-based language models trained on large text corpora have enjoyed immense popularity in the natural language processing community and are commonly used as a starting point for downstream tasks. While these models are undeniably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Vinitra Swamy , Angelika Romanou , Martin Jaggi

Large-scale language models such as BERT have achieved state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of NLP tasks. Recent studies, however, show that such BERT-based models are vulnerable facing the threats of textual adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Boxin Wang , Shuohang Wang , Yu Cheng , Zhe Gan , Ruoxi Jia , Bo Li , Jingjing Liu

This paper investigates the problem of learning cross-lingual representations in a contextual space. We propose Cross-Lingual BERT Transformation (CLBT), a simple and efficient approach to generate cross-lingual contextualized word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Yuxuan Wang , Wanxiang Che , Jiang Guo , Yijia Liu , Ting Liu

Evaluating text comprehension in educational settings is critical for understanding student performance and improving curricular effectiveness. This study investigates the capability of state-of-the-art language models-RoBERTa Base,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Abdullah Khondoker , Enam Ahmed Taufik , Md Iftekhar Islam Tashik , S M Ishtiak mahmud , Antara Firoz Parsa

Contextualized representations from a pre-trained language model are central to achieve a high performance on downstream NLP task. The pre-trained BERT and A Lite BERT (ALBERT) models can be fine-tuned to give state-ofthe-art results in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Hyunjin Choi , Judong Kim , Seongho Joe , Youngjune Gwon

Fine-tuning pre-trained models have achieved impressive performance on standard natural language processing benchmarks. However, the resultant model generalizability remains poorly understood. We do not know, for example, how excellent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Luoqiu Li , Xiang Chen , Hongbin Ye , Zhen Bi , Shumin Deng , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen

Despite the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, their vulnerability to unsafe prompts remains a critical issue. These prompts can lead LLMs to generate responses on illegal or sensitive topics, posing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Jinseok Kim , Jaewon Jung , Sangyeop Kim , Sohyung Park , Sungzoon Cho