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Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is a fundamental NP-complete problem with many applications, including automated planning and scheduling. To solve large instances, SAT solvers have to rely on heuristics, e.g., choosing a branching variable in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mikhail Shirokikh , Ilya Shenbin , Anton Alekseev , Sergey Nikolenko

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) is a well-known NP-complete problem. Despite this theoretical hardness, SAT solvers based on Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) can solve large SAT instances from many important domains. CDCL learns clauses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Md Solimul Chowdhury , Martin Müller , Jia You

A state-of-the-art criterion to evaluate the importance of a given learned clause is called Literal Block Distance (LBD) score. It measures the number of distinct decision levels in a given learned clause. The lower the LBD score of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Md Solimul Chowdhury , Martin Müller , Jia-Huai You

We present here a SAT-based framework for LTLf (Linear Temporal Logic on Finite Traces) satisfiability checking. We use propositional SAT-solving techniques to construct a transition system for the input LTLf formula; satisfiability…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Jianwen Li , Kristin Y. Rozier , Geguang Pu , Yueling Zhang , Moshe Y. Vardi

Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is a remarkably successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. Instead of a simple depth-first backtracking approach, this kind of solver learns the reason behind…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Tom Krüger , Jan-Hendrik Lorenz , Florian Wörz

Discrete facility layout design involves placing physical entities to minimize handling costs while adhering to strict safety and spatial constraints. This combinatorial problem is typically addressed using Mixed Integer Linear Programming…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Joshua Gibson , Kapil Dhakal

We present graph backtracking, a novel, fine-grained backtracking scheme for CDCL-based SAT solving, parametrized by a user-defined weight function. For conflict repair, we challenge the decision level abstraction and use the implication…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Robin Coutelier , Thomas Hader , Laura Kovács

We prove that there exists a deterministic configuration of Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) SAT solvers using a variant of the VSIDS branching heuristic that solves instances of the Ordering Principle (OP) CNF formulas in time…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sahil Samar , Marc Vinyals , Vijay Ganesh

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu

We propose a new approach to SAT solving which solves SAT problems in vector spaces as a cost minimization problem of a non-negative differentiable cost function J^sat. In our approach, a solution, i.e., satisfying assignment, for a SAT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Taisuke Sato , Ryosuke Kojima

A new framework for presenting and analyzing the functionality of a modern DLL-based SAT solver is proposed. Our approach exploits the inherent relation between backtracking and resolution. We show how to derive the algorithm of a modern…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-10-27 Nachum Dershowitz , Alexander Nadel

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

This article introduces SatHyS (SAT HYbrid Solver), a novel hybrid approach for propositional satisfiability. It combines local search and conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) scheme. Each time the local search part reaches a local…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-10-08 Gilles Audenard , Jean-Marie Lagniez , Bertrand Mazure , Lakhdar Saïs

The practical success of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers stems from the CDCL (Conflict-Driven Clause Learning) approach to SAT solving. However, from a propositional proof complexity perspective, CDCL is no more powerful than the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Alexey Ignatiev , Antonio Morgado , Joao Marques-Silva

We present a new extended resolution clause learning (ERCL) algorithm, implemented as part of a conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) SAT solver, wherein new variables are dynamically introduced as definitions for {\it Dual Implication…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Sam Buss , Jonathan Chung , Vijay Ganesh , Albert Oliveras

Modern CDCL SAT solvers learn clauses rapidly, and an important heuristic is the clause deletion scheme. Most current solvers have two (or more) stores of clauses. One has ``valuable'' clauses which are never deleted. Most learned clauses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Sima Jamali , David Mitchell

In this paper, we introduce StalmarckSAT, the a modern re-implementation of the St\aa lmarck Procedure for SAT solving, and present two novel strategies to improve the Procedure, Cardinality Driven Branching (CDB) and Deductive Priority…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sergei Leonov , Liam Davis

We present a selective bibliography about efficient SAT solving, focused on optimizations for the CDCL-based algorithms.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Louis Abraham

Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving. The proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Muyu Pan , Matthew Walter , Dheeraj Kodakandla , Mahfuza Farooque

Original and learnt clauses in Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) SAT solvers often contain redundant literals. This may have a negative impact on performance because redundant literals may deteriorate both the effectiveness of Boolean…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Chu-Min Li , Fan Xiao , Mao Luo , Felip Manyà , Zhipeng Lü , Yu Li