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A significant challenge in automating hate speech detection on social media is distinguishing hate speech from regular and offensive language. These identify an essential category of content that web filters seek to remove. Only automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Faria Naznin , Md Touhidur Rahman , Shahran Rahman Alve

Detecting hate speech in online content is essential to ensuring safer digital spaces. While significant progress has been made in text and meme modalities, video-based hate speech detection remains under-explored, hindered by a lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Han Wang , Rui Yang Tan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

The prevalence of multi-modal content on social media complicates automated moderation strategies. This calls for an enhancement in multi-modal classification and a deeper understanding of understated meanings in images and memes. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Rongxin Ouyang , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee , Guangyu Cui

The dissemination of online hate speech can have serious negative consequences for individuals, online communities, and entire societies. This and the large volume of hateful online content prompted both practitioners', i.e., in content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Julian Bäumler , Louis Blöcher , Lars-Joel Frey , Xian Chen , Markus Bayer , Christian Reuter

Online hate remains a significant societal challenge, especially as multimodal content enables subtle, culturally grounded, and implicit forms of harm. Hateful memes embed hostility through text-image interactions and humor, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sahajpreet Singh , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee

Current multimodal toxicity benchmarks typically use a single binary hatefulness label. This coarse approach conflates two fundamentally different characteristics of expression: tone and content. Drawing on communication science theory, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nils A. Herrmann , Tobias Eder , Jingyi He , Georg Groh

Detecting hateful content in multimodal memes presents unique challenges, as harmful messages often emerge from the complex interplay between benign images and text. We propose GatedCLIP, a Vision-Language model that enhances CLIP's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yingying Guo , Ke Zhang , Zirong Zeng

Internet memes have become powerful means to transmit political, psychological, and socio-cultural ideas. Although memes are typically humorous, recent days have witnessed an escalation of harmful memes used for trolling, cyberbullying, and…

The detection of offensive, hateful content on social media is a challenging problem that affects many online users on a daily basis. Hateful content is often used to target a group of people based on ethnicity, gender, religion and other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sherzod Hakimov , Gullal S. Cheema , Ralph Ewerth

Numerous machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based approaches have been proposed to utilize textual data from social media for anti-social behavior analysis like cyberbullying, fake news detection, and identification of hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Md. Rezaul Karim , Sumon Kanti Dey , Tanhim Islam , Md. Shajalal , Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser

A key challenge for automatic hate-speech detection on social media is the separation of hate speech from other instances of offensive language. Lexical detection methods tend to have low precision because they classify all messages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Thomas Davidson , Dana Warmsley , Michael Macy , Ingmar Weber

Hate speech has become one of the most significant issues in modern society, having implications in both the online and the offline world. Due to this, hate speech research has recently gained a lot of traction. However, most of the work…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Mithun Das , Rohit Raj , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Manish Gupta , Animesh Mukherjee

Internet memes have emerged as an increasingly popular means of communication on the Web. Although typically intended to elicit humour, they have been increasingly used to spread hatred, trolling, and cyberbullying, as well as to target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Shivam Sharma , Md. Shad Akhtar , Preslav Nakov , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Hate speech is a societal problem that has significantly grown through the Internet. New forms of digital content such as image memes have given rise to spread of hate using multimodal means, being far more difficult to analyse and detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Christos Koutlis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

As a multimodal medium combining images and text, memes frequently convey implicit harmful content through metaphors and humor, rendering the detection of harmful memes a complex and challenging task. Although recent studies have made…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hexiang Gu , Qifan Yu , Yuan Liu , Zikang Li , Saihui Hou , Jian Zhao , Zhaofeng He

Hate speech is one type of harmful online content which directly attacks or promotes hate towards a group or an individual member based on their actual or perceived aspects of identity, such as ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Wenjie Yin , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Memes often merge visuals with brief text to share humor or opinions, yet some memes contain harmful messages such as hate speech. In this paper, we introduces MemeBLIP2, a light weight multimodal system that detects harmful memes by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jiaqi Liu , Ran Tong , Aowei Shen , Shuzheng Li , Changlin Yang , Lisha Xu

The rise in the number of social media users has led to an increase in the hateful content posted online. In countries like India, where multiple languages are spoken, these abhorrent posts are from an unusual blend of code-switched…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Kshitij Rajput , Raghav Kapoor , Kaushal Rai , Preeti Kaur

Memes are popular in the modern world and are distributed primarily for entertainment. However, harmful ideologies such as misogyny can be propagated through innocent-looking memes. The detection and understanding of why a meme is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kushal Kanwar , Dushyant Singh Chauhan , Gopendra Vikram Singh , Asif Ekbal