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Automated Vehicles (AVs) are rapidly maturing in the transportation domain. However, the complexity of the AV design problem is such that no single technique is sufficient to provide adequate validation of key properties such as safety,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Maike Schwammberger , Christopher Harper , Gleifer Vaz Alves , Greg Chance , Tony Pipe , Kerstin Eder

Automated driving systems are safety-critical cyber-physical systems whose safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) can not be assumed without proper argumentation based on appropriate evidences. Recent advances in standards and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Lina Putze , Lukas Westhofen , Tjark Koopmann , Eckard Böde , Christian Neurohr

Before introducing an Automated Driving System (ADS) on the road at scale, the manufacturer must conduct some sort of safety assurance. To structure and harmonize the safety assurance process, the UNECE WP.29 Working Party on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Olaf Op den Camp , Erwin de Gelder

The selection of relevant test scenarios for the scenario-based testing and safety validation of automated driving systems (ADSs) remains challenging. An important aspect of the relevance of a scenario is the challenge it poses for an ADS.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Lennart Vater , Sven Tarlowski , Michael Schuldes , Lutz Eckstein

Scenario-based development and test processes are a promising approach for verifying and validating automated driving functions. For this purpose, scenarios have to be generated during the development process in a traceable manner. In early…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Till Menzel , Gerrit Bagschik , Leon Isensee , Andre Schomburg , Markus Maurer

The rapidly evolving field of autonomous driving systems (ADSs) is full of promise. However, in order to fulfil these promises, ADSs need to be safe in all circumstances. This paper introduces ISS-Scenario, an autonomous driving testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Renjue Li , Tianhang Qin , Cas Widdershoven

Autonomous driving promises safer roads, reduced congestion, and improved mobility, yet validating these systems across diverse conditions remains a major challenge. Real-world testing is expensive, time-consuming, and sometimes unsafe,…

Simulation-based testing has become a standard approach to validating autonomous driving agents prior to real-world deployment. A high-quality validation campaign will exercise an agent in diverse contexts comprised of varying static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Joy Saha , Trey Woodlief , Sebastian Elbaum , Matthew B. Dwyer

The development of fully automated vehicles imposes new challenges in the development process and during the operation of such vehicles. As traditional design methods are not sufficient to account for the huge variety of scenarios which…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Marcus Nolte , Gerrit Bagschik , Inga Jatzkowski , Torben Stolte , Andreas Reschka , Markus Maurer

Embedded systems are ubiquitous and play critical roles in management systems for industry and transport. Software failures in these domains may lead to loss of production or even loss of life, so the software in these systems needs to be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Per Erik Strandberg

Automated driving functions (ADFs) have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, their safety must be assured. Thus, the verification and validation of these functions is still an important open issue in research and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Daniel Becker , Guido Küppers , Lutz Eckstein

In this paper, we present ViSTA, a framework for Virtual Scenario-based Testing of Autonomous Vehicles (AV), developed as part of the 2021 IEEE Autonomous Test Driving AI Test Challenge. Scenario-based virtual testing aims to construct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Andrea Piazzoni , Jim Cherian , Mohamed Azhar , Jing Yew Yap , James Lee Wei Shung , Roshan Vijay

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years. An essential aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of quality and performance aspects of the AVs, such as safety, comfort, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Erwin de Gelder , Olaf Op den Camp

Autonomous driving has made significant progress in both academia and industry, including performance improvements in perception task and the development of end-to-end autonomous driving systems. However, the safety and robustness…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jingzheng Li , Xianglong Liu , Shikui Wei , Zhijun Chen , Bing Li , Qing Guo , Xianqi Yang , Yanjun Pu , Jiakai Wang

Autonomous systems are often deployed in complex sociotechnical environments, such as public roads, where they must behave safely and securely. Unlike many traditionally engineered systems, autonomous systems are expected to behave…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Georgios Bakirtzis , Steven Carr , David Danks , Ufuk Topcu

Scenario-based testing using simulations is a cornerstone of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) software validation. So far, developers needed to choose between low-fidelity 2D simulators to explore the scenario space efficiently, and high-fidelity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Marc Kaufeld , Korbinian Moller , Alessio Gambi , Paolo Arcaini , Johannes Betz

Testing of autonomous systems is extremely important as many of them are both safety-critical and security-critical. The architecture and mechanism of such systems are fundamentally different from traditional control software, which appears…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Qunying Song , Emelie Engström , Per Runeson

An open problem for autonomous driving is how to validate the safety of an autonomous vehicle in simulation. Automated testing procedures can find failures of an autonomous system but these failures may be difficult to interpret due to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Anthony Corso , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

In this letter, we detail our randomized approach to safety-critical system verification. Our method requires limited system data to make a strong verification statement. Specifically, our method first randomly samples initial conditions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-24 Prithvi Akella , Aaron D. Ames

Autonomous systems such as self-driving cars rely on sensors to perceive the surrounding world. Measures must be taken against attacks on sensors, which have been a hot topic in the last few years. For that goal one must first evaluate how…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Koichi Shimizu , Daisuke Suzuki , Ryo Muramatsu , Hisashi Mori , Tomoyuki Nagatsuka , Tsutomu Matsumoto