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A population protocol describes a set of state change rules for a population of $n$ indistinguishable finite-state agents (automata), undergoing random pairwise interactions. Within this very basic framework, it is possible to resolve a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-04-19 Adrian Kosowski , Przemysław Uznański

Population protocols are a distributed computation model in which a collection of anonymous, finite-state agents interact in randomly chosen pairs and update their states according to a fixed transition function. The computation is defined…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Michael Blondin , Michaël Cadilhac , Benjamin Courchesne , Lucie Guillou , Corto Mascle , Isa Vialard

Population protocols are a model for distributed computing that is focused on simplicity and robustness. A system of $n$ identical agents (finite state machines) performs a global task like electing a unique leader or determining the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Petra Berenbrink , Robert Elsässer , Tom Friedetzky , Dominik Kaaser , Peter Kling , Tomasz Radzik

The model of population protocols provides a universal platform to study distributed processes driven by pairwise interactions of anonymous agents. While population protocols present an elegant and robust model for randomized distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Adam Gańczorz , Leszek Gąsieniec , Tomasz Jurdziński , Jakub Kowalski , Grzegorz Stachowiak

The population protocol model describes collections of distributed agents that interact in pairs to solve a common task. We consider a dynamic variant of this prominent model, where we assume that an adversary may change the population size…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Dominik Kaaser , Maximilian Lohmann

Network Constructors are an extension of the standard population protocol model in which finite-state agents interact in pairs under the control of an adversary scheduler. In this work we present NETCS, a simulator designed to evaluate the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Dimitrios Amaxilatis , Marios Logaras , Othon Michail , Paul G. Spirakis

Population protocols are a model of distributed computation intended for the study of networks of independent computing agents with dynamic communication structure. Each agent has a finite number of states, and communication opportunities…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Michael Raskin

We introduce a new coordination problem in distributed computing that we call the population stability problem. A system of agents each with limited memory and communication, as well as the ability to replicate and self-destruct, is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Shafi Goldwasser , Rafail Ostrovsky , Alessandra Scafuro , Adam Sealfon

Population protocols have been introduced as a model of sensor networks consisting of very limited mobile agents with no control over their own movement: A collection of anonymous agents, modeled by finite automata, interact in pairs…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-06-18 Olivier Bournez , Jérémie Chalopin , Johanne Cohen , Xavier Koegler

We consider the problem of counting the population size in the population model. In this model, we are given a distributed system of $n$ identical agents which interact in pairs with the goal to solve a common task. In each time step, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Petra Berenbrink , Dominik Kaaser , Tomasz Radzik

We consider the problem of multi-choice majority voting in a network of $n$ agents where each agent initially selects a choice from a set of $K$ possible choices. The agents try to infer the choice in majority merely by performing local…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Hamidreza Bandealinaeini , Saber Salehkaleybar

We initiate the study of game dynamics in the population protocol model: $n$ agents each maintain a current local strategy and interact in pairs uniformly at random. Upon each interaction, the agents play a two-person game and receive a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Dan Alistarh , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Mehrdad Karrabi , John Lazarsfeld

The population protocol model describes a network of $n$ anonymous agents who cannot control with whom they interact. The agents collectively solve some computational problem through random pairwise interactions, each agent updating its own…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-25 David Doty , Mahsa Eftekhari

Agent-based simulators (ABS) are a popular epidemiological modelling tool to study the impact of various non-pharmaceutical interventions in managing an epidemic in a city (or a region). They provide the flexibility to accurately model a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-10-13 Daksh Mittal , Sandeep Juneja

Training populations of agents has demonstrated great promise in Reinforcement Learning for stabilizing training, improving exploration and asymptotic performance, and generating a diverse set of solutions. However, population-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Arthur Flajolet , Claire Bizon Monroc , Karim Beguir , Thomas Pierrot

We consider the problem of simulating traditional population protocols under weaker models of communication, which include one-way interactions (as opposed to two-way interactions) and omission faults (i.e., failure by an agent to read its…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-11-22 Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Paola Flocchini , Taisuke Izumi , Tomoko Izumi , Nicola Santoro , Giovanni Viglietta

Population protocols have been introduced by Angluin et {al.} as a model of networks consisting of very limited mobile agents that interact in pairs but with no control over their own movement. A collection of anonymous agents, modeled by…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-07-20 Olivier Bournez , Jeremie Chalopin , Johanne Cohen , Xavier Koegler

This paper investigates how to utilize different forms of human interaction to safely train autonomous systems in real-time by learning from both human demonstrations and interventions. We implement two components of the Cycle-of-Learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Vinicius G. Goecks , Gregory M. Gremillion , Vernon J. Lawhern , John Valasek , Nicholas R. Waytowich

Experiments in predator-prey systems show the emergence of long-term cycles. Deterministic model typically fails in capturing these behaviors, which emerge from the microscopic interplay of individual based dynamics and stochastic effects.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-03-03 Giacomo Albi , Roberto Chignola , Federica Ferrarese

Agent-based simulators provide granular representations of complex intelligent systems by directly modelling the interactions of the system's constituent agents. Their high-fidelity nature enables hyper-local policy evaluation and testing…

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