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According to the no-hair theorem, astrophysical black holes are uniquely described by their masses and spins. An observational test of the no-hair theorem can be performed by measuring at least three different multipole moments of the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-20 Tim Johannsen , Dimitrios Psaltis

We formulate a Bayesian framework to analyze ringdown gravitational waves from colliding binary black holes and test the no-hair theorem. The idea hinges on mode cleaning -- revealing subdominant oscillation modes by removing dominant ones…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-06 Sizheng Ma , Ling Sun , Yanbei Chen

The ringdown phase of a binary black hole merger is modelled by the quasi-normal modes of a perturbed Kerr black hole. According to the black hole no-hair theorem, the emitted ringdown spectra are constrained by the mass and spin of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-12 Zaryab Ahmed , Shilpa Kastha , Alex B. Nielsen

Modelling the end point of binary black hole mergers is a cornerstone of modern gravitational-wave astronomy. Extracting multiple quasinormal mode frequencies from the ringdown signal allows the remnant black hole to be studied in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

General relativity's no-hair theorem states that isolated astrophysical black holes are described by only two numbers: mass and spin. As a consequence, there are strict relationships between the frequency and damping time of the different…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-11-22 Eric Thrane , Paul Lasky , Yuri Levin

According to the general-relativistic no-hair theorem, astrophysical black holes depend only on their masses and spins and are uniquely described by the Kerr metric. Mass and spin are the first two multipole moments of the Kerr spacetime…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-05-27 Tim Johannsen

Gravitational-wave (GW) observations of binary black holes offer the best probes of the relativistic, strong-field regime of gravity. Gravitational radiation, in the leading order is quadrupolar. However, non-quadrupole (higher-order) modes…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-15 Tousif Islam , Ajit Kumar Mehta , Abhirup Ghosh , Vijay Varma , Parameswaran Ajith , B. S. Sathyaprakash

Gravitational wave observations of the ringdown of the remnant black hole in a binary black hole coalescence provide a unique opportunity of confronting the black hole no-hair theorem in general relativity with observational data. The most…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-03-25 Miriam Cabero , Julian Westerweck , Collin D. Capano , Sumit Kumar , Alex B. Nielsen , Badri Krishnan

Using high-accuracy numerical relativity waveforms, we confirm the presence of numerous overtones of the $\ell=2$, $m=2$ quasinormal mode early in the ringdown of binary black hole mergers. We do this by demonstrating the stability of the…

It is expected that all astrophysical black holes in equilibrium are well described by the Kerr solution. Moreover, any black hole far away from equilibrium, such as one initially formed in a compact binary merger or by the collapse of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-14 Pierre Mourier , Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Daniel Pook-Kolb , Badri Krishnan , Erik Schnetter

Black hole spectroscopy is a clean and powerful tool to test gravity in the strong-field regime and to probe the nature of compact objects. Next-generation ground-based detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer, will…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-18 Andrea Maselli , Sophia Yi , Lorenzo Pierini , Vania Vellucci , Luca Reali , Leonardo Gualtieri , Emanuele Berti

We study how quasinormal-mode frequencies may encode information about the effective matter source responsible for black-hole hair. Using the established eikonal correspondence between quasinormal modes and unstable null geodesics, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-20 Ariadna Uxue Palomino Ylla , Kosuke Makino , Akane Tanaka , Akihiro Ishibashi , Chul-Moon Yoo

Black-hole spectroscopy, that is, measuring the characteristic frequencies and damping times of different modes in a black-hole ringdown, is a powerful probe for testing deviations from the general theory of relativity (GR). In this work,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-14 Costantino Pacilio , Swetha Bhagwat

Black hole spectroscopy is an important pillar when studying gravitational waves from black holes and enables tests of general relativity. Most of the gravitational-wave signals observed over the last decade originate from binary black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-09 Oliver Steppohn , Sebastian H. Völkel , Tim Dietrich

In general relativity, when two black holes merge they produce a rotating (Kerr) black hole remnant. According to perturbation theory, the remnant emits "ringdown" radiation: a superposition of exponentials with characteristic complex…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-15 Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Emanuele Berti , Vishal Baibhav , Roberto Cotesta

Black holes in General Relativity are famously characterized by two "hairs" only, the mass and the spin of the Kerr spacetime. Theories extending General Relativity, however, allow in principle for additional black hole charges, which will…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-08 Kallol Dey , Enrico Barausse , Soumen Basak

In general relativity, the remnant object originating from an uncharged black hole merger is a Kerr black hole. The approach to this final state is reached through the emission of a late train of radiation known as the black hole ringdown.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-10 Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Pierre Mourier

The direct discovery of gravitational waves from compact binary systems leads for the first time to explore the possibility of black hole spectroscopy. Newly formed black holes produced by coalescing events are copious emitters of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-05-24 Andrea Maselli , Kostas Kokkotas , Pablo Laguna

According to the no-hair theorem, astrophysical black holes are uniquely characterized by their masses and spins and are described by the Kerr metric. Several parametric deviations from the Kerr metric have been suggested to study…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-06-24 Tim Johannsen , Dimitrios Psaltis

The relaxation of a distorted black hole to its final state provides important tests of general relativity within the reach of current and upcoming gravitational wave facilities. In black hole perturbation theory, this phase consists of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-03-07 Vishal Baibhav , Emanuele Berti , Vitor Cardoso , Gaurav Khanna