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Motivated by a problem on the dynamics of compositions of plane hyperbolic isometries, we prove several fundamental results on semigroups of isometries, thought of as real M\"obius transformations. We define a semigroup $S$ of M\"obius…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2020-11-24 Matthew Jacques , Ian Short

In line with the recent development in topological graph theory, we are considering undirected graphs that are allowed to contain {\em multiple edges}, {\em loops}, and {\em semi-edges}. A graph is called {\em simple} if it contains no…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jan Bok , Jiří Fiala , Nikola Jedličková , Jan Kratochvíl , Paweł Rzążewski

We develop a new framework for analysing finite connected, oriented graphs of valency 4, which admit a vertex-transitive and edge-transitive group of automorphisms preserving the edge orientation. We identify a sub-family of "basic" graphs…

In this paper we consider endomorphisms of an undirected cycle graph from Semigroup Theory perspective. Our main aim is to present a process to determine sets of generators with minimal cardinality for the monoids $wEnd(C_n)$ and $End(C_n)$…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2023-10-09 Ilinka Dimitrova , Vítor H. Fernandes , Jörg Koppitz , Teresa M. Quinteiro

In the suborbital graphs studies, there has been a research gap in the sense that the Modular group is connected to two numbers. Thus, this paper attempts to contribute to the studies developed by Gauss, Bolyai, Lobachevsky and Riemann.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-12-09 Ibrahim Gokcan , Ali Hikmet Deger

In this paper, we study the construction and transformation of two-dimensional persistent graphs. Persistence is a generalization to directed graphs of the undirected notion of rigidity. In the context of moving autonomous agent formations,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Julien M. Hendrickx , Baris Fidan , Changbin Yu , Brian D. O. Anderson , Vincent D. Blondel

We study invariants of virtual graphoids, which are virtual spatial graph diagrams with two distinguished degree-one vertices modulo graph Reidemeister moves applied away from the distinguished vertices. Generalizing previously known…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-20 Neslihan Gügümcü , Louis H. Kauffman , Puttipong Pongtanapaisan

It is shown that graphs that generalize the ADE Dynkin diagrams and have appeared in various contexts of two-dimensional field theory may be regarded in a natural way as encoding the geometry of a root system. After recalling what are the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Jean-Bernard Zuber

We establish that, under certain closure assumptions on a pseudovariety of semigroups, the corresponding relatively free profinite semigroups freely generated by a non-singleton finite set act faithfully on their minimum ideals. As…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2020-09-15 J. Almeida , O. Klíma

We consider a version of the notion of F-inverse semigroup (studied in the algebraic theory of inverse semigroups). We point out that an action of such an inverse semigroup on a locally compact space has associated a natural groupoid…

funct-an · Mathematics 2008-02-03 Alexandru Nica

Many problems in machine learning can be cast as learning functions from sets to graphs, or more generally to hypergraphs; in short, Set2Graph functions. Examples include clustering, learning vertex and edge features on graphs, and learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Hadar Serviansky , Nimrod Segol , Jonathan Shlomi , Kyle Cranmer , Eilam Gross , Haggai Maron , Yaron Lipman

Let G be a simple graph without isolated vertices. For a vertex i in G, the degree d_i is the number of vertices adjacent to i and the average 2-degree m_i is the mean of the degrees of the vertices which are adjacent to i. The sequence of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-08 Yu-pei Huang , Chia-an Liu , Chih-wen Weng

We show that the fundamental groups of any two closed irreducible non-geometric graph-manifolds are quasi-isometric. This answers a question of Kapovich and Leeb. We also classify the quasi-isometry types of fundamental groups of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2010-04-13 Jason A. Behrstock , Walter D. Neumann

Stallings remarked that an outer automorphism of a free group may be thought of as a subdivision of a graph followed by a sequence of folds. In this thesis, we prove that automorphisms of fundamental groups of graphs of groups satisfying…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-21 Rylee Alanza Lyman

Let $a$ be an element of a semigroup $S$. The local subsemigroup of $S$ with respect to $a$ is the subsemigroup $aSa$ of $S$. The variant of $S$ with respect to $a$ is the semigroup with underlying set $S$ and operation $\star_a$ defined by…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-05 James East

In this paper we define a way to get a bounded invertible automaton starting from a finite graph. It turns out that the corresponding automaton group is regular weakly branch over its commutator subgroup, contains a free semigroup on two…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-10 Matteo Cavaleri , Daniele D'Angeli , Alfredo Donno , Emanuele Rodaro

Seidel switching is a classical operation on graphs which plays a central role in the theory of two-graphs, signed graphs, and switching classes. In this paper we focus on those switches which leave a given graph invariant up to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-09 Severino V. Gervacio

In this article, we investigate some relations between dynamical and algebraic properties of semigroups of entire maps with applications to semigroups of formal series. We show that two entire maps fixing the origin share the set of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-08-12 C. Cabrera , P. Dominguez , P. Makienko

Efficiency of routing on a regular digraph often involves finding opitmal properties of the graph. For example, the diameter of a digraph is the maximum distance between any two vertices. We show how we can study these problems…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Nyumbu Chishwashwa , Vance Faber , Noah Streib

The study of subshifts on groups different from $\mathbb{Z}$, such as $\mathbb{Z}^d$, $d\geq 2$, has been a subject of intense research in recent years. These investigations have unveiled aremarkable connection between dynamics and…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-05-21 Nicanor Carrasco-Vargas