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Knowledge-intensive visual question answering requires models to effectively use external knowledge to help answer visual questions. A typical pipeline includes a knowledge retriever and an answer generator. However, a retriever that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Haoyang Wen , Honglei Zhuang , Hamed Zamani , Alexander Hauptmann , Michael Bendersky

Deep research agents have emerged as LLM-based systems designed to perform multi-step information seeking and reasoning over large, open-domain sources to answer complex questions by synthesizing information from multiple information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Mahta Rafiee , Heydar Soudani , Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Faegheh Hasibi , Hamed Zamani

We investigate knowledge retrieval with multi-modal queries, i.e. queries containing information split across image and text inputs, a challenging task that differs from previous work on cross-modal retrieval. We curate a new dataset called…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Man Luo , Zhiyuan Fang , Tejas Gokhale , Yezhou Yang , Chitta Baral

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across software engineering tasks, including question answering (QA). However, most studies and benchmarks focus on isolated functions or single-file snippets, overlooking the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yoseph Berhanu Alebachew , Hunter Leary , Swanand Vaishampayan , Chris Brown

Large language models have recently pushed open domain question answering (ODQA) to new frontiers. However, prevailing retriever-reader pipelines often depend on multiple rounds of prompt level instructions, leading to high computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zhanghao Hu , Hanqi Yan , Qinglin Zhu , Zhenyi Shen , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Open-domain complex Question Answering (QA) is a difficult task with challenges in evidence retrieval and reasoning. The complexity of such questions could stem from questions being compositional, hybrid evidence, or ambiguity in questions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Venktesh V. Deepali Prabhu , Avishek Anand

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with hallucinations and outdated information. To address this, Information Retrieval (IR) systems can be employed to augment LLMs with up-to-date knowledge. However, existing IR techniques contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Danupat Khamnuansin , Tawunrat Chalothorn , Ekapol Chuangsuwanich

Multi-Hop Question Answering (MHQA) tasks permeate real-world applications, posing challenges in orchestrating multi-step reasoning across diverse knowledge domains. While existing approaches have been improved with iterative retrieval,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Rong Cheng , Jinyi Liu , Yan Zheng , Fei Ni , Jiazhen Du , Hangyu Mao , Fuzheng Zhang , Bo Wang , Jianye Hao

Question answering (QA) over tables and text has gained much popularity over the years. Multi-hop table-text QA requires multiple hops between the table and text, making it a challenging QA task. Although several works have attempted to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Jayetri Bardhan , Bushi Xiao , Daisy Zhe Wang

Question answering (QA) models have shown rapid progress enabled by the availability of large, high-quality benchmark datasets. Such annotated datasets are difficult and costly to collect, and rarely exist in languages other than English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Patrick Lewis , Barlas Oğuz , Ruty Rinott , Sebastian Riedel , Holger Schwenk

Recent advances in tabular question answering (QA) with large language models are constrained in their coverage and only answer questions over a single table. However, real-world queries are complex in nature, often over multiple tables in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Vaishali Pal , Andrew Yates , Evangelos Kanoulas , Maarten de Rijke

Multi-span answer extraction, also known as the task of multi-span question answering (MSQA), is critical for real-world applications, as it requires extracting multiple pieces of information from a text to answer complex questions. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Zhiyi Luo , Yingying Zhang , Shuyun Luo , Ying Zhao , Wentao Lyu

In this work we focus on multi-turn passage retrieval as a crucial component of conversational search. One of the key challenges in multi-turn passage retrieval comes from the fact that the current turn query is often underspecified due to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Nikos Voskarides , Dan Li , Pengjie Ren , Evangelos Kanoulas , Maarten de Rijke

Multi-hop question answering (MHQA) involves reasoning across multiple documents to answer complex questions. Dense retrievers typically outperform sparse methods like BM25 by leveraging semantic embeddings; however, they require labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Dosung Lee , Wonjun Oh , Boyoung Kim , Minyoung Kim , Joonsuk Park , Paul Hongsuck Seo

Open domain conversational agents can answer a broad range of targeted queries. However, the sequential nature of interaction with these systems makes knowledge exploration a lengthy task which burdens the user with asking a chain of well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Christopher Richardson , Sudipta Kar , Anjishnu Kumar , Anand Ramachandran , Omar Zia Khan , Zeynab Raeesy , Abhinav Sethy

Retrieving relevant tables containing the necessary information to accurately answer a given question over tables is critical to open-domain question-answering (QA) systems. Previous methods assume the answer to such a question can be found…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Peter Baile Chen , Yi Zhang , Dan Roth

In this paper, we investigate which questions are challenging for retrieval-based Question Answering (QA). We (i) propose retrieval complexity (RC), a novel metric conditioned on the completeness of retrieved documents, which measures the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Matteo Gabburo , Nicolaas Paul Jedema , Siddhant Garg , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Alessandro Moschitti

Textbook Question Answering (TQA) is a complex multimodal task to infer answers given large context descriptions and abundant diagrams. Compared with Visual Question Answering (VQA), TQA contains a large number of uncommon terminologies and…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu , Lingling Zhang , Tianzhe Zhao , Qi Chai , Yudai Pan

Knowledge-based dialogue systems with internet retrieval have recently attracted considerable attention from researchers. The dialogue systems overcome a major limitation of traditional knowledge dialogue systems, where the timeliness of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Zhongtian Hu , Yangqi Chen , Meng Zhao , Ronghan Li , Lifang Wang

Question Answering (QA) tasks requiring information from multiple documents often rely on a retrieval model to identify relevant information for reasoning. The retrieval model is typically trained to maximize the likelihood of the labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Ansong Ni , Matt Gardner , Pradeep Dasigi