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This research is focused on generating achievable counterfactual explanations. Given a negative outcome computed by a machine learning model or a decision system, the novel CoGS approach generates (i) a counterfactual solution that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Sopam Dasgupta

Predictive uncertainties in classification tasks are often a consequence of model inadequacy or insufficient training data. In popular applications, such as image processing, we are often required to scrutinise these uncertainties by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Iker Perez , Piotr Skalski , Alec Barns-Graham , Jason Wong , David Sutton

In the field of medical imaging, particularly in tasks related to early disease detection and prognosis, understanding the reasoning behind AI model predictions is imperative for assessing their reliability. Conventional explanation methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yingying Fang , Shuang Wu , Zihao Jin , Caiwen Xu , Shiyi Wang , Simon Walsh , Guang Yang

Observational studies are rising in importance due to the widespread accumulation of data in fields such as healthcare, education, employment and ecology. We consider the task of answering counterfactual questions such as, "Would this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-07 Fredrik D. Johansson , Uri Shalit , David Sontag

Explanation mechanisms from the field of Counterfactual Thinking are a widely-used paradigm for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), as they follow a natural way of reasoning that humans are familiar with. However, all common…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Silvan Mertes , Christina Karle , Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Ruben Schlagowski , Elisabeth André

The application of deep learning in medical imaging has significantly advanced diagnostic capabilities, enhancing both accuracy and efficiency. Despite these benefits, the lack of transparency in these AI models, often termed "black boxes,"…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Eleonora Beatrice Rossi , Eleonora Lopez , Danilo Comminiello

Precision medicine has the potential to tailor treatment decisions to individual patients using machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), but it faces significant challenges due to complex biases in clinical observational data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Michael Vollenweider , Manuel Schürch , Chiara Rohrer , Gabriele Gut , Michael Krauthammer , Andreas Wicki

Learning-to-Rank (LTR) models trained from implicit feedback (e.g. clicks) suffer from inherent biases. A well-known one is the position bias -- documents in top positions are more likely to receive clicks due in part to their position…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Mucun Tian , Chun Guo , Vito Ostuni , Zhen Zhu

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have become de fact state-of-the-art for the main computer vision tasks. However, due to the complex underlying structure their decisions are hard to understand which limits their use in some context of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Nina Schaaf , Omar de Mitri , Hang Beom Kim , Alexander Windberger , Marco F. Huber

Interpreting the inference-time behavior of deep neural networks remains a challenging problem. Existing approaches to counterfactual explanation typically ask: What is the closest alternative input that would alter the model's prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Brian Hyeongseok Kim , Jacqueline L. Mitchell , Chao Wang

Deep learning classifiers are prone to latching onto dominant confounders present in a dataset rather than on the causal markers associated with the target class, leading to poor generalization and biased predictions. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Nima Fathi , Amar Kumar , Brennan Nichyporuk , Mohammad Havaei , Tal Arbel

Understanding the decision processes of deep vision models is essential for their safe and trustworthy deployment in real-world settings. Existing explainability approaches, such as saliency maps or concept-based analyses, often suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Éloi Zablocki , Valentin Gerard , Amaia Cardiel , Eric Gaussier , Matthieu Cord , Eduardo Valle

Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) aims to understand human intentions by integrating emotion-related clues from diverse modalities, such as visual, language, and audio. Unfortunately, the current MSA task invariably suffers from unplanned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Dingkang Yang , Mingcheng Li , Dongling Xiao , Yang Liu , Kun Yang , Zhaoyu Chen , Yuzheng Wang , Peng Zhai , Ke Li , Lihua Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successful in modeling graph-structured data. However, similar to other machine learning models, GNNs can exhibit bias in predictions based on attributes like race and gender. Moreover, bias in GNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Zengyi Wo , Chang Liu , Yumeng Wang , Minglai Shao , Wenjun Wang

Traditional approaches to data visualization have often focused on comparing different subsets of data, and this is reflected in the many techniques developed and evaluated over the years for visual comparison. Similarly, common workflows…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-27 David Borland , Arran Zeyu Wang , David Gotz

In recommendation literature, explainability and fairness are becoming two prominent perspectives to consider. However, prior works have mostly addressed them separately, for instance by explaining to consumers why a certain item was…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Ludovico Boratto , Francesco Fabbri , Gianni Fenu , Mirko Marras , Giacomo Medda

There is a growing concern that the recent progress made in AI, especially regarding the predictive competence of deep learning models, will be undermined by a failure to properly explain their operation and outputs. In response to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Eoin M. Kenny , Mark T. Keane

This paper proposes a novel framework to reinforce classification models using language-guided generated counterfactual images. Deep learning classification models are often trained using datasets that mirror real-world scenarios. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Xiang Li , Ren Togo , Keisuke Maeda , Takahiro Ogawa , Miki Haseyama

Causal approaches to fairness have seen substantial recent interest, both from the machine learning community and from wider parties interested in ethical prediction algorithms. In no small part, this has been due to the fact that causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-17 Niki Kilbertus , Philip J. Ball , Matt J. Kusner , Adrian Weller , Ricardo Silva

Selection bias, arising from the systematic inclusion or exclusion of certain samples, poses a significant challenge to the validity of causal inference. While Bareinboim et al. introduced methods for recovering unbiased observational and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-05 Jingyang He , Shuai Wang , Ang Li