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In recent years, XAI researchers have been formalizing proposals and developing new methods to explain black box models, with no general consensus in the community on which method to use to explain these models, with this choice being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 José Ribeiro , Lucas Cardoso , Raíssa Silva , Vitor Cirilo , Níkolas Carneiro , Ronnie Alves

In recent years, Explainable AI (xAI) attracted a lot of attention as various countries turned explanations into a legal right. xAI allows for improving models beyond the accuracy metric by, e.g., debugging the learned pattern and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Mohamed Karim Belaid , Eyke Hüllermeier , Maximilian Rabus , Ralf Krestel

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made leapfrogs in development across all the industrial sectors especially when deep learning has been introduced. Deep learning helps to learn the behaviour of an entity through methods of recognising and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Qinghao Ye , Jun Xia , Guang Yang

Modern AI systems frequently rely on opaque black-box models, most notably Deep Neural Networks, whose performance stems from complex architectures with millions of learned parameters. While powerful, their complexity poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Dembinsky , Adriano Lucieri , Stanislav Frolov , Hiba Najjar , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has continued to achieve tremendous success in recent times. However, the decision logic of these frameworks is often not transparent, making it difficult for stakeholders to understand, interpret or explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Fuseini Mumuni , Alhassan Mumuni

Despite AI's significant growth, its "black box" nature creates challenges in generating adequate trust. Thus, it is seldom utilized as a standalone unit in IoT high-risk applications, such as critical industrial infrastructures, medical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Maede Zolanvari , Zebo Yang , Khaled Khan , Raj Jain , Nader Meskin

Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and their applications in critical industries such as healthcare, fin-tech and cybersecurity have led to a surge in research in explainability in AI. Innovative research methods are being…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Aoun E Muhammad , Kin-Choong Yow , Nebojsa Bacanin-Dzakula , Muhammad Attique Khan

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) enhances the transparency and interpretability of AI models, addressing their inherent opacity. In cybersecurity, particularly within the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), the black-box nature of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Mohammed Yacoubi , Omar Moussaoui , C. Drocourt

The black-box nature of artificial intelligence (AI) models has been the source of many concerns in their use for critical applications. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a rapidly growing research field that aims to create…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Gaith Rjoub , Jamal Bentahar , Omar Abdel Wahab , Rabeb Mizouni , Alyssa Song , Robin Cohen , Hadi Otrok , Azzam Mourad

The use of wearables in medicine and wellness, enabled by AI-based models, offers tremendous potential for real-time monitoring and interpretable event detection. Explainable AI (XAI) is required to assess what models have learned and build…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Maurice Kuschel , Solveig Vieluf , Claus Reinsberger , Tobias Loddenkemper , Tanuj Hasija

Explanation is key to people having confidence in high-stakes AI systems. However, machine-learning-based systems -- which account for almost all current AI -- can't explain because they are usually black boxes. The explainable AI (XAI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Sergei Nirenburg , Marjorie McShane , Kenneth W. Goodman , Sanjay Oruganti

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are frequently required by users in many AI systems with the goal of understanding complex models, their associated predictions, and gaining trust. While suitable for some specific tasks…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Savio Rozario , George Čevora

Practitioners and researchers trying to strike a balance between accuracy and transparency center Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) at the junction of finance. This paper offers a thorough overview of the changing scene of XAI…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-12 Md Talha Mohsin , Nabid Bin Nasim

The simulation of complex systems increasingly relies on sophisticated but fundamentally opaque computational black-box simulators. Surrogate models play a central role in reducing the computational cost of complex systems simulations…

The debate between self-interpretable models and post-hoc explanations for black-box models is central to Explainable AI (XAI). Self-interpretable models, such as concept-based networks, offer insights by connecting decisions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Shaobo Wang , Hongxuan Tang , Mingyang Wang , Hongrui Zhang , Xuyang Liu , Weiya Li , Xuming Hu , Linfeng Zhang

Cybersecurity vendors consistently apply AI (Artificial Intelligence) to their solutions and many cybersecurity domains can benefit from AI technology. However, black-box AI techniques present some difficulties in comprehension and adoption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Carlos Mendes , Tatiane Nogueira Rios

This work presents a conceptual framework for causal concept-based post-hoc Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), based on the requirements that explanations for non-interpretable models should be understandable as well as faithful to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Anna Rodum Bjøru , Jacob Lysnæs-Larsen , Oskar Jørgensen , Inga Strümke , Helge Langseth

The imperative to comprehend the behaviors of deep learning models is of utmost importance. In this realm, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a promising avenue, garnering increasing interest in recent years. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li , Jiahao Zhang , Yuta Nakashima , Hajime Nagahara

Many ML models are opaque to humans, producing decisions too complex for humans to easily understand. In response, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) tools that analyze the inner workings of a model have been created. Despite these…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Kiana Alikhademi , Brianna Richardson , Emma Drobina , Juan E. Gilbert

White-box AI (WAI), or explainable AI (XAI) model, a novel tool to achieve the reasoning behind decisions and predictions made by the AI algorithms, makes it more understandable and transparent. It offers a new approach to address key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jiayao Yang , Jiayi Zhang , Bokai Xu , Jiakang Zheng , Zhilong Liu , Ziheng Liu , Dusit Niyato , Mérouane Debbah , Zhu Han , Bo Ai